THE MAYA YEAR by Cyrus Thomas / W.J. McGee - 1894

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Titre : The Maya year / by Cyrus Thomas ; [Prefatory note by W. J. Mc Gee]
Auteur : Thomas, Cyrus (1825-1910)
Éditeur : Government printing office (Washington)
Date d'édition : 1894
Contributeur : Mac Gee, W. J.. Préfacier
Sujet :
Sujet :
Type : monographie imprimée
Langue : Anglais
Format : 1 vol. (64 p.-[1] p. de pl.) ; 23 cm
Format : application/pdf
Droits : domaine public
Identifiant : http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k274721
Source : Bibliothèque nationale de France
Relation : http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb314601310
Description : Collection : Smithsonian institution. Bureau of ethnology ; 18
Provenance : bnf.fr
Thème : 306


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SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY: J. W. POWELL, DIRECTOR

THE MAYA YEAR
BY

CYRUS THOMAS

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1894

7)3z

(-g i~

LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS.

Smithsonian institution. Bureau of ethnology.

Jj Smithsonian institution Bureau of ethnology: J. W. Powell,

| director | The Maya year 1 by 1 Cyrus Thomas 1 [Vignette]

| Washington 1 government printing office 1894

» 8°. 64 pp. pi.

Thomas (Cyrus).

i Smithsonian institution j Bureau of ethnology: J. W. Powell,

•̃s director | The Maya year | by 1 Cyrus Thomas 1 [Vignette]

| Washington | government printing office | 1894

8°. 64 pp. 1 pl.

[SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Bureau of ethnology.]

é

g Smithsonian institution Bureau of ethnology J. W. Powell,

| director | The Maya year | by 1 Cyrus Thomas | [Vignette] j

-f Washington government printing office 1894

Z 8°. 64 pp. 1 pl.

«S [SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. Bureau of ethnology.]

S

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY: J. W. POWELL, DIRECTOR

THE MAYA YEAR
BY

OYEU8 THOMAS

v

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PEINTING OFFICE
1894

.>

CONTENTS.

Page.

Prefatory note (by W J McGee) 5
Introduction 15
Chai-ter I. Discussion of the time series of the Dresden codex 16
II. Discussion of other time séries 50 0
III. Calendar of the inscriptions 55
IV. Origin of the calendar 57 7
ILLUSTRATION.

Plaïk I. Copy of plate 50, Dresden codex 18

6

In many respects the aboriginal culture of the Western Heraispliere
attained highest development in Yucatan, the land of the Maya. Here
the Spanish explorers found cities of peculiar yet noble architecture;
a people of great individuality and native force, yet of refined manners,
clothed in woven and dyed cotton stuffs; a definitely organized system
of government; a literature and history inscribed on animal and
vegetal parchments and carved in stone or painted on walls; and even
a highly developed calendaric and chronologie system. Despite the
greed and bigotry of the invaders, who saw nothing good beyond their
own selfish aims, despite the diversity of tongues and modes of thought,
the civilization of the East and that of the West stood so near the same
plane as to blend at some points; and the cities of Copan, Palenque,
Chichen Itza, and Uxmal came to be known throughout the world of
growing civilization.

Although Columbus appears to hâve encountered representatives of
the Maya people in his fourth voyage, it was not until 1517 that the
Spaniards, under Francisco Hernandez de Cordova, first landed on the
shores of Yucatan. They found that peninsula divided into eighteen
or nineteen independent petty states or provinces, each ruled by a
hereditary chief, the villages in each province having a subordinate
organization under a local ruler, frequently a junior member of the
reigniug family; the partition of land being communal and changing
from year to year. The several provinces were feebly united in a confederation
but this major institutional element was less perfectly
developed than among the Aztecs and several other American peoples.
While the appellation" Maya" applies specifically to the aboriginal
inhabitants found in Yucatan and their descendants, the same appellation,
or the compound term Maya-Kiche, is usually applied to the
various peoples of the same linguistic stock, including several tribes
in or bordering on Guatemala and Mexico. The languages of these
several tribes are closely related and, despite certain common elements

PREFATORY NOTE.

By W J McGee.

I.

̃&

BUREAU OP

LETHNOLOOY

with the Aztec and perhapswith ofcher neighboring stocks, markedly
distinct from ail others.

The early history of the Maya people is lost in the unwritten past;
but from the few remaining Maya and Aztec traditions and codices,
from the modern native books of Yucatan and Mexico, and from the early
Spanish chronicles it appears that the people were not autochthonous,
but entered Yucatan from northward, probably as one of the two principal
branches of a race represented also by the Aztecs. Evidence of
this relation is found also in the existence of a prominent branch of the
Maya linguistic family, the Huastecas, a formerlypopulous tribefound
by the Spaniards on the shores of the Gulf of Mexico about the river
Panuco; for the Huastecas play a prominent part in the Aztec traditions
and records. The descendants of the ancient Mayas remain au
important element in the population of Yucatan. In 1862 it was estimated
that there were nearly or quite 200,000 pure-blood Indians and
perhaps 100,000 mixed bloods usingthe Maya tongue.

The Maya language may be characterized as analytic rather than
synthetic. In comparison with the native American languages generally
it is remarkably simple in construction. It is largely monosyllabic
and, like the English, is essentially a language of vocables, the
formal grammar being simple and inconspicuous. Phonetically, also, it
is highly developed, the Spaniards finding but six phonetic éléments
new to their tongue. For these reasons the language is remarkably
facile. Ithas longbeen observed that foreigners acquire the Maya more
readily than the Spanish and the remarkable persistence of the tongue
in comparative purity attests an inhérent strength which can be ascribed
only to its economy as a vehicle of expression. In its simplicity of construction,
its wealth of vocabulary and dearth of formai grammar, in the
differentiation of its phonetic elements, and in several minor respects
the Maya tongue is analogons to the English. So in language as in
culture, and indeed in physical development, the Maya may be regarded
as the Saxon of the Western Hemisphere.

The graphie system of the ancient Mayas was from the first discriminated
by the Spaniards from that of Mexico. It is exemplified in manuscript
books and codices, as well as in tablets and inscriptions carved in
the stones or paintedontheplasterof the walls of their domiciles, palaces,
and temples. The system was largely hieroglyphic and known chiefly
or solely by priests and nobles. The Spanish chronicles, as well as the
records themselves, so far as interpreted, indicate that it was a composite
system comprising pictures, ideograms, and phonetic characters.
From the rounded forms of the characters the sy stem lias been called
calculiforin.

The Maya numéral system is elaborate. Its basis is vigesimal, the
cardinal numbers running from one to twenty; and the higher numération
is also vigesimal, each unit comprising twenty of the next lower
order and forming one-twentieth of the next higher. According to

MAYA ~'v~ s

x^oli^s] THE MAYA COmCES' AND BOGKS. ùl^â^ '7'

Berendt and Brinton, the numération was definite and expressed in
spécifie terms up to 64,000,000. The vigesimal character and some of
the terms indicate that the system was initiated through counting on
the fingers, and perhaps also on the toes; but the concepts of the count
appear to have interacted with industrial, calendaric, and, perhaps, mythologie
concepts, and so the stages in the development of the system,
like those of our own Arabie system, are lost, probably never to be
regained.

The Maya calendar system recorded by the Spanish conquerors was
of highly elaborate character, being determined apparently (1) by the
system of numeration, (2) by the seasons, and (3) by the phases of the
moon, together with the customary recognition of the day as a primary
unit; but in this system, too, the stages of development are sometimes
obscure. It is to be observed that hitherto the calendar system of the
codices has been, in some respects, inharmonious with that of the modem
Maya and Spanish chronicles.

II.

The autographic records or records proper of the Mayas are of two
classes: (1) codices written in the aboriginal graphie system, chiefly or
wholly before the Conquest; (2) "Books of Chilan Balam and other
manuscripts written in the Maya language but in characters introduced
by the early missionaries and conquerors. According to Brinton, Chilan
Balam is not a proper name, but a title, and in ancient
times designated the priest who announced the will of the gods and
explained the sacred oracles. ]

The latter records were at one time numerous, probably every village
being supplied with one and the name of the village being added to
the title; but by far the greater part have disappeared. The earliest
were composed before the close of the sixteenth century many were
added during the seventeenth century; but most were written during
the later half of the eighteenth century. The records comprise chronicles
of events of local or general nature, prophecies, astrologie and
divinatory inscriptions, and a variety of matters of little consequence
save as indices to modes of thought and methods of expression. Students
of the subject are under a profound obligation to Dr. Daniel G.
Brinton, of Philadelphia, for the publication of a number of thèse
"books," with translations and notes, in the first volume of his Library
of Aboriginal American Literature, under the title, uThe Maya Chronicles."


The codices, which are of special importance as autographic records
of perhaps the highest aboriginal culture on the Western Hemisphere,
existed in considérable numbers at the time of the Conquest. Unhappily
their value was not appreciated by the conquistadores, and they
fell under the ban of the missionaries and most of them were destroyed
'The Maya Chronicles, Philadephia, 1882, p. 70.

;i-&;

rmraBAtr of

DSTHNOLOGY

·

or secreted and lost.' Diego de Landà, tbe«ecend bishôp of Yucatan,
alone burned 27 aboriginal codices among other articles relating to the
early condition of the Mayas. A few of these invaluable records are
said to remain in private possession, and a very few, preserved in public
institutions, are accessible to students.

The accessible codices are formed of a peculiar paper made by macerating
the leaves of the maguey (or century plant) and beating or felting
the fiber and afterward sizing with a white varnish. Each codex
consists of a long sheet, folded backward and forward like a screen or
map, or like the ordinary Japanese book; but, unlike the Oriental
books, both sides of the paper were used and the sheet was not bound
save by attaching boards to the outer folds as in dissected maps. The
records comprise figures and characters inscribed or painted in brilliant
colors, forming chronicles much like the books of Chilan Balam.
Probably by reason of the proscription of the codices, the few that
reached Europe seem to have been conveyed surreptitiously in private
hands and to have founct their way, accidentally and unnoted, into
libraries and museums where three, four, or five of them were subsequently
discovered by appreciative students. These are as follows
1. The Dresden codex, preserved in the Royal Library at Dresden.
It comprises 39 leaves, of which 35 are inscribed on both sides and 4
on one side only. Although existing in two unequal parts, this codex
was long regarded as a unit but Forstemann gives strong reasons for
considering each part a separate document, either complete in itself or
a portion of a distinct book. This codex is reproduced in Lord Kingsborough's
work, and was photographed in colors by Forstemann in
1880. It is chiefly from this codex, or from the principal part if there
are two, that Dr. Thomas's conclusions are drawn.

2. The Codex Troano, named from its possessor, Don Juan de Tro y
Ortolano of Madrid. It comprises 35 leaves or 70 pages, and is probably
incomplete. It was reproduced by chrornolithography in Paris under
the direction of the Abbé Brasseur (de Bourbourg) in 1869.

3. The Codex Cortesianus, named from the family of the conqueror,
which is by some supposed to be a second part of the Codex Troano.
It is preserved in the Royal Archéologie Museum of Madrid. This
codex was reproduced by photography in Paris in 1883, and another
edition, in colors, has recently been published.

4. The Codex Peresianus, of the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, named
by Rosny from an inscription including the word Perez," which accompanied
the document and which is supposed to be the name of a
former owner. This is merely a fragment, comprising 11 leaves or 22 pages.
A reproduction of this codex also has been published. The inscription
is highly artistic.

In addition to the codices and the books of Chilan Balam, autographic
records of the Maya are fonnd in mural inscriptions and sculptures,

THE OEIGIN OF CÂtENDARS, "?^ 9 'jj;

MAYA "1

THOMAS J

and many of these have been reproduced by photography and other
methods, notably in the excellent drawings by Catherwood. Many of
the mural records remain to be transcribed by future students, though
they are rapidly disappearing under the influence of a torrid climate
and the neglect of an inappreciative population; but these various data
for the history of one of the most remarkable peoples of the Western
Hemisphere have not been finally systemized. The works of Kingsborough
and Catherwood, of Berendt and Brinton, of Thomas, Seler,
and Forstemann, and of other students of the Maya are, however,
noteworthy and important.

III.

The most primitive peoples take note of days, or rather of the nights
by which activity is arrested; and in this recognition of a natural
alternation of events, calendars and chronologie systems take root.
Most primitive peoples, too, like many of the lower animais, take note
of the march of the seasons; and some savage races reckon time rudely
by summers, or perhaps rather by winters, during which the activity of
the year is arrested. The recognition of these diurnal and annual
periods gives rise to solar calendars, though no cases are known in
which the solar calendar bas become an important element in chronology
except in conjunction with other elements.

Many savages, and probably ail barbarous peoples, take note of the
phases of the moon, and some of them reckon time by moons, although,
as in the solar reckoning, it is commonly the dark or change of the moon
that fixes the time unit. These lunations form the basis for lunar calendars
but no cases are known in which a lunar calendar alone has
determined a complete chronologie system.

A day measures the rotation and a year the revolution of the earth;
and while the periods are not commensurable, the discrepancy (something
less than a quarter of a day) is so slight as to escape attention
save in the higher stages or under peculiar conditions of barbarism, or
in civilization. A lunation measures the révolution of the moon, and
this cycle is not commensurable with either of the terrestrial movements
yet the earth, sun, and moon are so related in space and in
movement that eclipses occasionally occur, and the eclipse, being a
striking phenomenon and one mysterious to the primitive mind, gives
another basis for time reckoning, and from this basis lunisolar calendars
have sprung in different countries; and most important calendars
forming the warp of the chronology of the world are of this character.
The ancient Chaldeans and the Chinesè and the astronomers of ancient
Greece carried observation of eclipse cycles to high perfection, and the
Chaldean saros of eighteen years, the Chinese tchang and Grecian
Metonic cycle of nineteen years, the Grecian Callippic cycle (known long
before in China) extendmg over seventy-six years, the Chaldean naros
of six hundred years, and perhaps also the Chinese Great Year, com-

;'ïQ}*j

~F

'-SÉÈ^ëgÈÏKQ^S y

F BUREAU OP

LETHNOLOGY

prising four thousand six hundred -and seventeen solar years, indicate
the delicacy of observation and the accuracy of record at the dawn of
civilization; even the Aztecs, neighbors, and kinfolk of the Mayas,
were said by Houzeau to have had a lunisolar calendar more exact
than the Julian calendar, though this is doubted by many.
The real or apparent motions of the planets have also given rise to
calendaric elements, particularly in the astrologie and mystical systems
which have clung to the chronologie calendar in ail stages of development
even up to the present time; and it lias been suggested that planetary
elements enter subordinately into the Maya calendar. Theplanetary
calendar is not known, however, to alone form a useful basis for
chronology.

Although the incommensurability of terrestrial rotation and revolution
is inconspicuous, yet when the observation of barbarous peoples is
sharpened by chronologie records based on the Innisolar calendar, they
perceive that the zenith or sunrise star of the new year gradually
changes its apparent position and slowly circles the heavens through
the centuries to resume its old relative position in nearly a millennium
and a half; and thus a basis is afforded for a highly exact calendar,
independent of the eclipse cycle, which may be called sidero-solar. This
period is the Sothic cycle of the ancient Egyptians; and Zelia Nuttall
finds indications of its recognition by tlie ancient Aztecs.

While ail definite calendars forming the basis of chronology among
primitive and cultured peoples have grown out of these astronomie
cycles, other elements have commonly been introduced. These elements
are of diverse character; days of rest or feasting are fixed through
religious observance and market days through domestic needs, and
thus weeks of five, seven, thirteen, or some other number of days are
impressed on the calendar; seasons of planting and harvesting, with
the times of feasting dependent thereon, come to be recognized through
their relations to agriculture, and are also impressed on the calendar; i
and in some cases the time-periods for the maturing of crops and for
fetal development appear also to enter the calendaric system. So
through the multiplication of astronomie bases and through the infusion
of artificial bases, the calendars of cultured peoples become highly
complex and long periods are required for their development.
Among the results of this complexity of calendars may be mentioned
a tendency toward the development of mysticism, a tendency exemplified
by the astrology of our own budding civilization and the hieroglyphics
of Egypt and Yucatan, which were understood of the few only.
Indeed, even in our own day, though the calendaric bases are free to
ail, it is but the few who take the time to comprehend them while the
many are con Lent with the applications wrought out for their use. Thus
the development of calendars marks an early stage in that differentiation
of function among individuals which began in savagery, waxed in
barbarism and earlier civilization, and eulminates in enlightenment.

•Sis] TH^MÀYA ÇÀLEMDAR. ^-] 11

The hybrid origin and mystical character of early calendaric systems
is constantly to be borne in mind in the study of the symbols in which
the aboriginal calendars of the Western Hemisphere are recorded.
The early Spanish chronicles and the books of Chilan Balam, written
in the Maya language but in Spanish characters, indicate that the native
calendar system of Yucatan was highly elaborate.

The days were grouped in two ways: First, they were named in four
series of five each up to 20, this grouping probably représentai g an outgrowth
of the vigesimal system of numeration, though the group was
called u (moon or month) and 18 of these months, with ïive intercalary
days, formed the year, which was apparently determined (as indicated
by the intercalation) by more or less refined astronomie observation.
Thus there were 73 five-day periods (which might be called weeks"
were not that termpreoccupied in a less désirable way) in a year, on four
and only four of which the year might begin; and accordingly (1) these
four days Kan, Muluc, Ix, Cauac were especially designated as dominical
days or "year-bearers," and also came to hold special place in religious
and domestic observance; and (2) the years were grouped in series
of four, each distinguished by the dayon which it began, "Year Kan,"
"Year Muluc," etc. Thus this grouping of the days would seem,
except for the name "month," to represent a nearly pure solar calendar
modified by arbitrary time distinctions springing originally
from the vigesimal system of counting, both calendar and counting
being strengthened and more iirmly fixed by the interaction. In
the second place the days were numbered in groups of 13, and
such a group is commonly called by students of the Maya calendar
a "week", and 28 of these "weeks," with one day added, formed
the year. This arrangement gave rise (1) to a series of 13 years, forming
a period called by the Mayas a "katun of days" and by the
Spaniards an "indiction, and (2) to a longer series of 52 years elapsing
before a year-bearer" of given name and number would again form
the new year. The origin of the essential part of this arrangement is
obscure; possibly the primary period of 13 days represents a semilunation
(perhaps introduced from the sacred year) but it is also possible
that it represents a curious concept found among various primitive
and some higher peoples, in which seven is a mystical or perfect number
that on doubling (or recounting) becomes 13, the central unit in
the group of objects or directions being reckoned in the first counting
but not in the second. But whatsoever the origin of this number, the
other elements in the grouping grow out of the arbitrary adjustment
of the initial element to the solar year. It is significant that a 52-year
cycle was recognized among other aboriginai peoples of the Western
Hemisphere.

In addition to the arrangement growing out of the grouping of days,
the years were grouped arbitrarily either through the vigesimal sy stem

v,. j*r- ̃

ï fBUKBÀU OF

LETHNOLOGY

4

PÏ~F~~R~

j ac.

ofcounting or for some obscure reason in such manner as to give a long
cycle recorded in the Spanish chronicles and in ttie books of Chilan
Balam, though there is doubt as to its duration. According to some
students 20 years were grouped as a "katun" which was divided into
five series of four years each (independent of the four-year groups determined
by the dominical days), called "tzuc" by the Mayas, "lustres"
by the Spaniards; and it was the custom to record or verify the chronology
by erecting carved stones, each called like the period a katun,"
at the end of each twentieth year, in a historical monument. Now
since the days of the "week" were numbered from 1 to 13 and the
years of the "katun from 1 to 20, a new katun" could not commence
on the same number-day until a period of 13x20 years had elapsed;
and in this way a cycle of 260 years was formed. This period, developed
from the chronicles by Brinton, was called an ahau katun," or
chief cycle, collectively, though each 20-year period within it bore the
same name; and « each was represented in the native calendar
by the picture or portrait of a particular personage who in some
way was identified with the katun, and his name was given toit.
According to later students, notably Juan Pio Perez and Dr. Thomas,
the katun comprised 24 years, which would make the duration of the
ahau katun 312 years. The 13 katuns in this long cycle were numbered
in the following curious order, which has been a subject of much discussion


13, 11, 9, 7, 5, 3, 1, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2.

Thé foregoing grouping of days and years constitutes what may be
called the secular calendar and the basis for the chronology of the
Mayas; but there was another and more mystical or sacred calendar
system employed to some extent, which is by some regarded as the
original or essential system. In this system the 13-day weeks" were
grouped in series of 20 forming a 260-day period called the sacred year,
or what is known among the Zufiis, according to Cushing, as the "kernel
of the year." There is some question whether these 260-day periods
were used independeutly as a consecutive time-measure parallel though
not coincident with the secular calendar; but it seems more probable
that this esoteric time-measure grew out of industrial and domestic
requirements formnlated by priests or chiefs, and that it represented an
arbitrarilychosen period of 10 lunations (20 semi-lunations) in each year
during which crops were developed or gestation was completed, or
during which ceremonies connected with these natural processes ran
their course. Whatever be the origin of this subordinate calendaric
system, there seems insufficient reason for believing that it subserved
important chronologie purposes.

Maya Chronicles, p. 58.

™om!s] ̃̃ l*inà kAYA. yeml /̃ ,Wt' ÏÈ

It is clearly to be understood that knowledge of the calendaric system
of the Mayas is derived chiefly from the Spanish and modern Maya
chronicles rather than from the codices. Hitherto it has not been
known that the year of the codices included 365 days; and it is Dr.
Thomas' purpose in. the present publication to demonstrate that, properly
interpreted, the Dresden codex comprises records of 365-day years.
In thus harmonizing the autographic chronicles of the ancient Mayas
with the sometimes ambiguous chronicles of the Spaniards and modem
Mayas, Dr. Thomas not only makes a useful addition to our knowledge
of a highly interesting people but corroborates strongly the authenticity
of the codices and the accuracy of both series of chronicles.

According to tlie earlier authors whose works have been preserved,
the calendar system found in use among most of the tribes of Mexico
and Central America at the time of the Conquest was as follows:
The year consisted of eighteen months of twenty days each, with five
supplemental days added at the close of the eighteenth month, or of
365 days. Each day of the month had a name, and they were also
numbered, but up to thirteen only, the year being thus divided into
what may be called "weeks" of thirteen days each. This peculiar
arrangement resulted in forming four year- séries that is, years commencing
with four different days. As the years, without some arbitrary
change, could begin only with thèse four days, following one
another in definite order, they are denominated tlie dominical days,
or "year-bearers."

An examination of the codices lias shown that the months referred
to in thé time series contain twenty days, each day having its distinct
symbol and ail numbered as above stated; and that eighteen months
were counted to the year. If, therefore, it can be shown that the year
used consisted of 365 days the system of the codices will be brought
into complete harmony with the authorities referred to.
The object of this paper is to present what is believed to be clear
and positive proof that the time system of the Dresden codex is based
on the year of 365 days, which necessarily results in forming fonr
séries of years, each with its particular year-bearer or dominical day.
Some évidence is also presented to show that the same calendar System
was used in the inscriptions at Palenque, Lorillard, and Tikal.
1 desire to acknowledge here my indebtedness to Dr. E. Forstemann,
of Dresden, for Iiis suggestion to me, in a private communication, that
a more thorough examination of the series on plates 46-50 of the Dresden
codex might result in determining the lengtli of the year.
15

THE MAYA YEAR

By Cyrus Thomas

INTRODUCTION.

16

CHAPTER I.

DISCUSSION OF THE TIME SERIES OF THE DRESDEN

CODEX.

A somewhat extended discussion of the numerals on plates 46-50 of
the Dresden codex will be found on pages 294-305 of the paper entitled
"Notes on the Maya Codices," in the Sixth Annual Report of the
Bureau of Ethnology. There is, however, one point connected with
these plates which is of more importance than anything else found on
them, but of which only incidental mention was made. This relates to
the month symbols and the numbers attached thereto. Since writing
that article 1 have discovered the significance of these numbers, and
from them have obtained positive evidence that, in this instance, the
author of the codex refers to a year of 365 days (which requires the
addition of five supplementary days to the year of eighteen 20-day
months), and to the four year-series having the four different "yearbearers."
To avoid going over the discussion again, the reader is
referred to that paper. It is necessary, however, in order that what
follows may be understood, to repeat in part the statements made
therein. As pointed out in that paper, these five plates are peculiar,
and seem to have no direct relation to any other part of the codex.

In the upper left-hand corner of each plate there are four day columns,
ail more or less injured. Each column evidently contained originally
thirteen days, or, more correctly speaking, the symbol for one
day repeated thirteen times. In every case the day in the first (lefthand)
column and that in the third column are tSe same. As the numbers
attached to them are absolutely unreadable in Kingsborough and
partly obliterated in the photograph, I give here restorations (table 1)
for the benefit of those studying this codex. This restoration is easily
made by finding the order of the series, which can be obtained from
plates 49 and 50 of the photographie copy.

The red numerals at the bottom of each of these plates of the codex
are as follows

11 4 12 0

16 10 10 8

The upper numbers stand for months, the lower ones for days. These
are counters used to denote the intervals between the corresponding
days in the columns, thus: From III Cib (first column, plate 46) to II
Cimi (second column, same plate) is 4 months and 10 days; from II
Cimi to V Cib (third column) is 12 months and 10 days; from V Cib to
XIII Kan (fourth column) is 8 days; and from XIII Kan (last column,
plate 46) to II Ahau (first column, plate 47) is 11 months and 16 days.
This holds good throughout to the last column on plate 50, using the
first day in each column. It is also true if the second day or any other
day in the column is used, provided the count is carried through the entire

T~t,1 T:É'.r- SERIES. 17,

series with the corresponding (horizontal) days; that is to say, if the
coimt begins with the fifth day of the first column of plate 46, the fifth
day of each column must be used successively, taking the plates in the
order of numbering. This shows that the whole is one continuous
series, and that after the count bas gone through the first cross line (or
top line) of the five plates it goes back to the commencement of the
second line, then to the third, next to the fourth, and so on until the
last name in the right hand column of plate 50 is reached.
For present purposes it will be necessary to use only one of these
lines or series. The first or top days of the columns, commencing with
III Cib (or 3 Cib),* may therefore be selected.

It is necessary now to give the names of thé months and the numbers
attached to them exactly in the order in which they stand on the plates,
placing over them the corresponding first days of the columns above
(see table 2). The counters or intervals are also added below. It is to
be understood that the counter below a column indicates t,he interval
between the day over thepreceding column and the day over the column
under which it is found. For example, 4 (months) and 10 (days) under
the second column of plate 46 indicate the interval between 3 Cib,
first column, and 2 Cimi, second column.

In this table the portions of the series found on a plate are given
together, with the plate number over them, as "plate 46," "plate 47,"
etc. The upper cross line of each plate is the upper line of days of the
day columns; the next line below this gives the months and numbers
of the days of the month of the first month séries. These two upper
lines and the two lines at the bottom, consisting of months and days
-and forming the counters or intervals, are ail that will be used in the
explanation which follows.

In order that the reader may observe the positions which the symbols
corresponding with these names and numbers occupy on the plates, a
facsimile of plate 50 is introduced (plate i).

Attention shouldbeconfmedto the left half of the plate. The two cross
lines of open dots and short lines at the bottom (colored in the original)
are the counters referred to. Immediately over these is the bottom line
of hieroglyphs corresponding with the lowest line of months on plate
50 as given in table 2, viz, [20] Xul 10 Zac -15 Tzec 3 Xul." The
sixth cross line of hieroglyphs, on plate 50, counting from the bottom
upward, corresponds with the second line of months as given in table
2, viz, 15 Cumhu [20] Tzec -10 Kayab -18 Kayab." Then, moving
up over the lines of black numerals to the fifth line of hieroglyphs
above them, which line stands immediately below the day columns, we
find the symbols representing the upper line of months in the table,
viz, 10 Kankin [20] Oumhu 5 Mac 13 Mac."

For convenience the Arabie numerals will be used throughout this paper, except
where necessity requires the introduction of Roman notation.

BULL. S=19 2

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COPY OF PLATE 50 DRESDEN CODEX.

MAYA] THE ":0': rt~ND 'l.lJii' 19 ~i

THOMAS THE MQNTSS AND DAY8,- 'r 19 'YI"

THOMA Y z.. a c.

"` y

Where there are no numbers attàched to the months, the twentieth
or last day is to be understood, as, for example, in the last line above
mentioned, where the month Cumhu" is given without any number,
20 Cumhu is to be understood. We have prefixed the numéral in
brackets, thus indicating its absence in the original.

As we shall have occasion to refer to it repeatedly, 1 introduce the
compound calendar (table 3) adopted in my previous works to avoid
the necessity of writing out the long series of days of the years referred
to. But instead of commencing with the usual year-bearers, Kan,
Muluc, Ix, Cauac, this table, as will be évident to those familiar with
the Maya calendar, begins with the days with which, in the usual plan,
the months close; viz, Akbal, Lamat, Ben, Ezanab. The reason for
this will be given further on.

For a full explanati^n of the Maya calendar the reader is referred to
my previous works* the following brief explanation is given for the
benefit of readers who may not have an opportunity of referring to
these works.

The Maya year, according to the early Spanish authors, contained
three hundred and sixty-five days and consisted of two unequal parts,
as follows: Three hundred and sixty days, or the year proper, divided
into eighteen months of twenty days each; and the five intercalary
days required to complete the number three hundred and sixty-five
added at the end.

The eighteen months were named and numbered as follows 1 Pop,
2 Uo, 3 Zip, 4 Tzoz, 5 Tzec, 6 Xul, 7 Yaxkin, 8 Mol, 9 Chen, 10 Yax,
11 Zac, 12 Ceh, 13 Mac, 14 Kankin, 15 Muan (or Moan), 16 Pax, 17
Kayab, 18 Cumhu (or Cumku). As the year always commenced with
the month Pop, the others following in the order given, the number of
each is readily ascertained from the name, and the name from the
number.

Each month consisted of twenty days, named as follows: Kan, Chicchan,
Cimi, Manik, Lamat, Muluc, Oc, Chuen, Eb, Ben (or Been), Ix,
Men, Cib, Caban, Ezanab, Cauac, Ahau, Ymix, Ik, Akbal. The order
or sequence hère given was always maintained, though the month did
not always begin with the same day, since, according to the peculiar
arrangement of the calendar, it might begin with Kan, Muluc, Ix, or
Cauac; or, as appears to be the rule in the Dresden codex and as given
in our table 3, with Akbal, Lamat, Ben, and Ezanab. t If it began
with Kan, the second day would be Chicchan, the others following as
given above; if with Muluc, then Oc would be the second day, Chuen
the third, and so on; if with Ix, then Men would be the second day,
"A Study of the Manuscript Troano" (Contributions to North American Ethuology,
Vol. v), 1882, pp. 7-12; "Aicls to the Study of the Maya Codices," 6th Ann. Rep.
Bur. Eth., 1888, p. 275.

t It is probable, as will bo shown hereafter, that this system was derived from
the Tzental calendar.

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Cib the third, and so on to Akbal; then followed Kan, jnst as we would
name the seven days of our week, commencing, for instance, with
Wednesday, then Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, Monday, etc.
As each month contained twenty days, each having a name, it follows
that each month of a given year would begin with the first day of that
year. If the year began with Kan, the last day of the eighteenth
month Cumhu would, as a matter of course, be Akbal, the last of
the twenty.

The five added days were named in regular order, following the close
of the month Cumhu, and in the year beginning with Kan would be
Kan, Chicchan, Cimi, Manik, and Lamat. The next day-Mulucwould
begin the following year, and hence ail the months of that year
Table 3.

DAYS AND MONTHS OF THE FOUR SERIES OF Years.

Num-

Akbal Lamat O. 0 Ben Ezanab 1 2 3 Il fi 8 nlf)11191o bers
column. column. column. column. 15 16 17 °& b 7 8 9 10 u 12 13 of the

months.

-1-1 i~ --1.

Il Days of

Akbal Lamat Ben Ezanab 1 1 8 2 9 I 3 10 4 11 5 12 6 13 7 month. 1
Kan Muluc Ix Cauac 2 2 9 3 10 4 jll 5 12 6 13 7 1 8 2
Chicchan Oc Men Ahau 3 10 4 11 5 |l2 6 13 7 1 8 2 9 3
Cimi Chuen Cib Ymix 4 11 5 12 6 13 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 4
Manik Eb Caban Ik 5 12 6 13 7 1 8 2 S 310 0 4 11 5
Lamat Ben Ezanab Akbal 6 13 7 1 8 i 2 9 3 10 4 11 5 12 6
Muluc Ix Cauac Kan 7 1 8 2 9 I 3 10 4 11 5 12 6 13 7
Oc Men Ahau Chicchan 8 2 9 3 10 j 4 11 5 112 6 13 7 1 8
Chuen Cib Ymix Cimi 9 3 10 4 11 5 12 6 113 7 1 8 2 9
Eb Caban Ik Manik 10 4 11 5 12 6 13 7 1 8 2 9 3 10
Ben Ezanab Akbal Lamat 11 5 12 6 13 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11
Ix Cauac Kan Mulnc 12 6 13 7 1 8 2 9 3 110 4 11 5 12
Men Ahau Chicchan Oc 13 7 1 8 2 9 9 3 10 4 4 111 5 12 6 13
Cib Ymix Cimi Chuen 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 !11 5 Il2 6 13 7 14
Caban Ik Manik Eb 2 9 3 10 4 11 5 12 6 Il3 7 1 8 15
Ezanab Akbal Lamat Ben 3 10 4 11 5 12 6 il3 7 1 1 8 8 2 9 16
Cauac Kan Muluc Ix I 4 11 5 12 6 113 j 7 1 8 2 9 9 3 10 17
Ahau Chicchan Oc Men 5 12 6 13 7 1 j 8 8 2 9 3 0 4 11 18
Ymix Cimi Chuen Cib i 6 13 7 1 8 2 2 9 3 10 4 11 5 12 19
Ik Manik Eb Caban 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11 5 12 6 13 20

-L-- _I_J_i_i

would begin with Muluc. Muluc being the first day, Lamat would
necessarily be the last, and the five added days at the end of the year
would be Muluc, Oc, Chuen, Eb, and Ben, makinglx the first of the following
year. Then, Ix being the first, Ben would be the last day; and
the five added days being Ix, Men, Cib, Caban, and Ezanab, the following
year would begin with Cauac. Cauac in turn being the first
day, Ezanab would be the last, and the five added days would then
be Cauac, Ahau, Ymix, Ik, and Akbal, making Kan the first of the next
year, thus completing the series in four years, and beginning anew
with the fifth.* The numbering of the days, however, was peculiar,
It must be borne in mind that this description applies to the usual Maya calendar
and that to adapt it to what, as stated above, appears to be the rule in the
Dresden codex, wherever Kan, Mnluc, Ix, and Cauac are spoken of as dominical
days, or first days of the month, Akbal, Lamat, Ben, and Ezanab must be substituted.
Therefore the month given would begin with 1 Akbal and end with 7 Ik.

£i£i

'[BUREAU OF

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r ~7T~ÏŸ C~'DEX

and did not correspond with the number in a month, but was limited
to thirteen. To illustrate this, a list of the days of one month, numbered
according to this method, commencing with 1 Kan (see table 4)
is introduced.

Table 4.

DAYS of THE MONTH.

1 Kan 6 Muluc 11 Ix 3 Cauac

2 Chicchan 7 Oc 12 Men 4 Ahau ·

3 Cimi 8 Chuen 13 Cib 5 Ymix

4 Manik 9 Eb 1 Caban 6 Ik

5 Lamat 10 Ben 2 Ezanab 7 Akbal.

As will be seen on inspection of this table, the year in this instance
commences with Kan, the other nineteen days, following in regular
order as heretofore given, numbered consecutively from one to thirteen,
then commencing again with one, the month ending with 7 Akbal.
The second month, Uo, begins with 8 Kan; the day numbered 13 is now
Muluc, and is followed by 1 Oc, and so on to the end of the year.
The last day of Cumhu in this case (in which the year begins with 1
Kan) will be 9 Akbal, and the last of the five intercalary days will be
1 Lamat; it follows, therefore, that the first day of the next year will
be 2 Muluc. Running through this second year in the same way, commencing
it with 2 Muluc, followed by 3 Oc, 4 Chuen, and so on, it is
found that the third year will begin with 3 Ix; continuing this process,
it may be ascertained that the fourth year will commence with 4 Cauac,
the fifth with 5 Kan, the sixth with 6 Muluc, the seventh with 7 Ix, the
eighth with 8 Cauac, the ninth with 9 Kan, the tenth with 10 Muluc,
the eleventh with 11 Ix, the twelfth with 12 Cauac, the thirteenth with
13 Kan, the fourteenth with 1 Muluc, the fifteenth with 2 Ix, the sixteenth
with 3 Cauac, and so on.

It is evident from this enumeration that no year, after tlie first, commences
with a day numbered 1 until thirteen have been completed,
thus forming a period of thirteen years, or, as it is designated, "A week
of year s" or "Indiction." By continuing the above process, it is found
that no year will again commence with 1 Kan until 52 (or 13 by 4) are
completed.

The accompanying table for one year (table 5) shows the order of
the numbers attached to the days. This, however, like table 3, commences
with what, in the usual method of counting, is the last instead
of the first day of the month-in this case Akbal instead of Kan is the
initial day.

The object in view at present is to prove from the codices the following
points, viz, first, that the year consisted of 365 days, which number
was made up by adding five days at the end of the eighteenth month;
second, that the four year-series, commencing with the four different

th^mIs] THE CALENDAE FOR :AV ',YBiR^ i!$^

THOMAS THE.I>CALENDAR A..{EAR;T; Z(l}"

year-bearers, was the system followed. If these points car be demonstrated,
the calendar system of the codices will be settled beyond dispute,
and another link connecting this ancient script with the Mayas
will be furnished.

As the démonstration of these points depends chiefly on the series
running through plates 46-50 of the Dresden codex, in which the
months are introduced, thus fixing absolutely the dates, there is
Table 5.

The Months, Days, AND Numekals FOR ONE YEAR.

Months. J g g • g j o. Â i g rf f 1

° K° £ rN ? C8 £ A S ® i2 £ « «

jPhÎ^nheh^^SojIx n o S W !s5 p-i M o
Days. 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 | 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

i

Akbal 18293 10 4 11 5 12 6 13 7 1 8 2 9 3
Kan 2 9 9 3 10 4 11 5 12 6 13 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 4
Chicchan 3 |1O 411 5 12 6 13 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11 5
Cimi 4 11 i 5 12 6 13 7 1 8 2 9 3 I 10 4 11 5 12 6
Manik 5 12 6 113 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11 5 12 6 13 7
Lamat 6 13 718i293 10 4 11 5 12 6 13 7 1 8
Muluc 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11 5 12 6 13 7 1 8 2 9
Oc 8 2 9 3 10 4 11 5 12 6 13 7 1 i 8 2 9 3 10
Chuen 9 3 10 4 11 512 6 13 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11
Eb 10 4 11 5 12 613 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11 5 12
Ben 11 5 12 613 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11 5 12 6 13
Ix 12 6 13 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11 5 12 6 13 7 1
Men 13 718293 10 4 11 5 12 6 13 7 1 8 2
Cib 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11 5 12 6 13 7 1 8 2 9 3
Caban 293 10 4 11 5 12 6 13 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 4
Ezanab 3 10 4 11 5 12 6 13 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11 5
Cauac 4 11 5 12 6 13 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11 5 12 6
Ahau 5 12 6 13 7 1 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11 5 12 6 13 7
Ymix 6 13 7 1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11 5 12 6 13 7 1 8
Ik 71829J3 10 4 9 11 5 12 6 13 7 1 8 2 9

f Akbal 10

Kan 11

Intercalary days < Chicchan 12

Cimi 13

Manik 1

inserted in table 6 a continuous series of days running through the eight
years and two months covered by one line of the séries above mentioned
-that is, one line commencing with the left column of plate 46 and
ending with the right column of plate 50. This is given because it will
require considérable study and familiarity with this complicated system
to follow the discussion, if table 3 (page 21) alone is used, though it
will be necessary to refer to that table to understand some of the statements
given below.

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A CONTINT7OUS SERIES OF DAYS FOR EIGHT YEARS.

Days. Months. Days. Months. Bays. Montha.
9 Lamat Pop 9 Ben 9 Ezanab
10 Muluc 10 Ix 10 Cauac
11 Oc 11 Men 11 Ahau

12 Chnen 12 Cib 12 Ymix

13 Eb 13 Caban 13 Ik

1 Ben 1 Ezanab 1 Akbal

2 Ix 2 Cauac 2 Kan

3 Men 3 Ahau 3 Chicchan
4 Cib 4 Ymix 4 Cimi
5 Caban 5 Ik 5 Manik

6 Ezanab 6 Akbal 6 Lamat Mol
7 Cauac 7 Kan 7 Muluc

8 Ahau 8 Chicchau 8 Oc

9 Ymix 9 Cimi 9 Chuen

10 Ik 10 Manik 10 Eb

11 Akbal 11 Lamat Tzec 11 Ben

12 Kan 12 Muluc 12 Ix

13 Chicchan 13 Oc 13 Men

1 Cimi 1 Chuen 1 Cib

2 Manik 2 Eb 2 Caban

3 Lamat Uo 3 Ben 3 Ezanab
4 Muluc 4 Ix 4 Cauac

5 Oc 5 Men 5 Ahau

6 Chuen 6 Cib 6 Ymix

7 Eb 7 Caban 7 Ik

8 Ben 8 Ezanab 8 Akbal

9 Ix 9 Cauac 9 Kan

10 Men 10 Ahau 10 Chicchan
11 Cib 11 Ymix 11 Cimi

12 Caban 12 Ik 12 Manik
13 Ezanab 13 Akbal 13 Lamat Chen
1 Cauac 1 Kan 1 Muluc

2 Ahau 2 Chicchan 2 Oc

3 Ymix 3 Cimi 3 Chuen

4 Ik 4 Manik 4 Eb

5 Akbal 5 Lamat Xul 5 Ben

6 Kan 6 Muluc 6 Ix

7 Chicchan 7 Oc 7 Men

8 Cimi 8 Chuen 8 Cib

9 Manik 9 Eb 9 Caban

10 Lamat Zip 10 Ben 10 Ezanab
11 Muluc 11 Ix 11 Cauac
12 0c 12 Men 12 Ahau

13 Chuen 13 Cib 13 Ymix

1 Eb 1 Caban 1 Ik

2 Ben 2 Ezanab 2 Akbal

3 Ix 3 Cauac 3 Kan

4 Men 4 Ahau 4 Chicchan
5 Cib 5 Ymix 5 Cimi

6 Caban 6 Ik 6 Manik

7 Ezanab 7 Akbal 7 Lamat Yax
8 Cauac 8 Kan 8 Muluc

9 Ahau 9 Chicchan 9 Oc

10 Ymix 10 Cimi 10 Chuen
11 Ik 11 Manik 11 Eb

12 Akbal 12 Lamat Yaxkin 12 Ben

13 Kan 13 Muluc 13 Ix

1 Chicchan 1 Oc 1 Men

2 Cimi 2 Chuen 2 Cib

3 Manik 3 El) l0 3 Caban

4 Lamat Tzoz 4 Ben 4 Ezanab
5 Muluc 5 Ix 5 Cauac

6 Oc 6Men 6 Ahau

7Chuen 7 Cib 7 Imix

8 Eb 8 Caban 8 Ik

th£m!s] CONTINUOUS SERIES: -Ofî^iYsiili* %î^

TROMA,q_j CONTINUOUS SÉRI-F,&. -.OP,, t)

Dmjs. Months. Days. Months. Dam. Months
9 Akbal 13 Eb 4 Ymix
10 Kan 1 Ben 5 Ik

11 Chicchan 2 Ix 6 Akbal
12 Cimi 3 Men 7 Kan
13 Manik 4 Cib 8 Chicchan
1 Lamat Zac 5 Caban 9 Cimi
2 Muluc 6 Ezanab 10 Manik
f °.° 7 Cauac 11 Lamat Cumhu
4 Chuen 8 Ahau 12 Muluc
5 Eb 9 Ymix 13 Oc

6 Ben 10 Ik 1 Chuen
7 Ix 11 Akbal 2 Eb

8 Men. 12 Kan 3 Ben

9 Cib 13 Chicchan 4 Ix

10 Caban 1 Cimi 5 Men
11 Ezanab 2 Manik 6 Cib

12 Cauac 3 Lamat Muan 7 Caban
13 Ahau 4 Muluc 8 Ezanab
1 Ymix 5 Oc 9 Cauac
2 Ik 6 Chuen 10 Ahau
3 Akbal 7 Eb 11 Ymix
4 Kan 8 Ben 12 Ik

5 Chicchan 9 Ix 13 Akbal
6 Cimi 10 Men 1 Kan

7 Manik 11 Cib 2 Chicchan
8 Lamat Ceh 12 Caban 3 Cimi
9 Muluc 13 Ezanab 4 Manik

10 Oc 1 Cauac

11 Chuen 2 Ahau S fc- ° Lamat
12 Eb 3 Ymix "S^ 6 Muluc
13 Ben 4 Ik 7 Oc

1 Ix 5 Akbal >% 8 Chuen
2 Men 6 Kan S g 9 Eb

3 Cib 7 Chicchan 10 Ben Pop
4 Caban 8 Cimi 11 Ix

5 Ezanab 9 Manik 12 Men

6 Cauac 10 Lamat Pax 13 Cib

7 Ahau 11 Muluc 1 Caban
8 Ymix 12 Oc 2 Ezanab
91k 13 Chuen 3 Cauac
10 Akbal 1 Eb 4 Ahau
11 Kan 2 Ben 5 Ymix
12 Chicchan 3 Ix 6 Ik

13 Cimi 4 Men 7 Akbal
1 Manik 5 Cib 8 Kan

2 Lamat Mac 6 Caban 9 Chicchan
3 Muluc 7 Ezanab 10 Cimi
4 Oc 8 Cauac 11 Manik
5 Chuen 9 Ahau 12 Lamat
6 Eb 10 Ymix 13 Muluc
7 Ben H Ik 1 Oc

8 Ix 12 Akbal 2 Chuen
9 Men 13 Kan 3 Eb

10 Cib 1 Chicchan 4 Ben Uo
11 Caban 2 Cimi 5 ix

12 Ezanab 3 Manik 6 Men
13 Cauac 4 Lamat Kayab 7 Cib

1 Ahau 5 Muluc 8 Caban
2 Ymix 6 Oc 9 Ezanab
3 Ik n 7 Chuen 10 Cauac
4 Akbal 8 Eb 11 Ahau
5 Kan 9 Ben 12 Ymix
6 Chicchan 10 Ix 13 Ik

7 Cimi 11 Men 1 Akbal
8 Manik 12 Cib 2 Kan

9 Lamat Kankin 13 Caban 3 Chicchan
10 Muluc 1 Ezanab 4 Cimi
11 Oc 2 Cauac 5 Manik
12 Chuen 3 Ahau 6 Lamat

W~ 'x` ` 1 -e BUREAU Of

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Days. Months. Days. Months. ` Days. Months.
7 Muluc 11 Ezanab 2 Manik
8 Oc 12 Cauac 3 Lamat
9 Chuen 13 Ahau 4 Muluc
10 Eb 1 Ymix 5 Oc

11 Ben Zip 2 Ik 6 Chuen
12 Ix 3 Akbal 7 Eb

13 Men 4 Kan 8 Ben Yax
1 Cib 5 Chicchan 9 Ix

2 Caban 6 Cimi 10 Men

3 Ezanab 7 Manik 11 Cib

4 Cauac 8 Lamat 12 Caban
5Ahau 9 Muluc 13 Ezanab
6 Ymix 10 Oc 1 Cauac
7 Ik 11 Chuen 2 Ahau
8 Akbal 12 Eb 3 Ymix
9 Kan 13 Ben Yaxkin 4 Ik

10 Chicchan 1 Ik 5 Akbal
11 Cimi 2 Men 6 Kan

12 Manik 3 Cib 7 Chicchan
13 Lamat 4 Caban 8 Cimi
1 Muluc 5 Ezanab 9 Manik
2 Oc 6 Cauac 10 Lamat
3 Chuen 7 Ahau 11 Muluc
4Eb 8 Ymix 12 Oc

5 Ben Tzoz 9 Ik 13 Chuen
6 Ix 10 Akbal 1 Eb

7 Mon 11 Kan 2 Ben Zac
8 Cib 12 Chicchan 3 Ix

9 Caban 13 Cimi 4 Men

10 Ezanab 1 Manik 5 Cib

11 Cauac 2 Lamat 6 Caban
12 Ahau 3 Muluc 7 Ezanab
13Ymix 4 Oc 8 Cauac
1 Ik 5 Chuen 9 Ahau

2 Akbal 6 Eb 10 Ymix
3 Kan 7 Ben Mol 11 Ik

4 Chicchan 8 Ix 12 Akbal
5 Cimi 9 Men 13 Kan

6 Manik 10 Cib 1 Chicchan
7 Lamat 11 Caban 2 Cimi

8 Muluc 12 Ezanab 3 Manik
9 Oc 13 Cauac 4 Lamat
10 Chuen 1 Ahau 5 Muluc
11 Eb 2 Ymix 6 Oc

12 Ben Tzec 3 Ik 7 Chuen
13 Ix 4 Akbal 8 Eb

1 Men 5 Kan 9 Ben Ceh
2 Cib 6 Chicchan 10 Ix

3 Caban 7 Cimi 11 Men

4 Ezanab 8 Manik 12 Cib

5 Cauac • 9 Lamat 13 Caban
6 Ahau 10 Muluc 1 Ezanab
7 Ymix 11 Oc 2 Cauac
8 Ik 12 Chuen 3 Ahau
9 Akbal 13 Eb 4 Ymix
10 Kan 1 Ben Chen 5 Ik

11 Chicchan 2 Ix 6 Akbal
12 Cimi 3 Men 7 Kan

13 Manik 4 Cib 8 Chicchan
1 Lamat 5 Caban 9 Cimi

2 Muluc 6 Ezanab 10 Manik
3 Oc 7 Cauac 11 Lamat
4 Chuen 8 Ahau 12 Muluc
5 Eb 9 Ymix 13 Oc

6 Ben Xul 10 Ik 1 Chuen
7Ix 11 Akbal 2 Eb

8 Men 12 Kan 3 Ben Mac
9 Cib 13 Chicchan 4 Ix

10 Caban 1 Cimi 5 Men

ihomI»] CONTINUONS SERIES OFb^Yâ^ -g/p*

Bays. Months. Days. Months. Daye. Months.
6 Cib 10 Chicchan 13 Ben

7 Caban 11 Cimi 1 Ix

8 Ezanab 12 Manik 2 Men

9 Cauac 13 Lamat 3 Cib

10 Ahau 1 Muluc 4 Caban
11 Ymix 2 Oc 5 Ezanab Uo
12 Ik 3 Chuen 6 Cauac
13 Akbal 4 Eb 7 Ahau
1 Kan 5 Ben Kayab 8 Ymix
2 Chicchan 6 Ix 9 Ik

3 Cimi 7 Men 10 Akbal
4 Manik 8 Cib 11 Kan

5 Lamat 9 Caban 12 Chicchan
6 Muluc 10 Ezanab 13 Cimi
7 Oc 11 Cauac 1 Manik
8 Chuen 12 Ahau 2 Lamat
9 Eb 13 Ymix 3 Muluc
10 Ben Kankin 1 Ik 4 Oc

11 Ix 2 Akbal 5 Chuen
12 Men 3 Kan 6 Eb

13 Cib 4 Chicchan 7 Ben
1 Caban 5 Cimi 8 Ix

2 Ezanab 6 Manik 9 Men

3 Cauac 7 Lamat 10 Cib

4 Ahau 8 Muluc 11 Caban
5 Ymix 9 Oc 12 Ezanab Zip
6 Ik 10 Chuen 13 Cauac
7 Akbal 11 Eb 1 Ahau
8 Kan 12 Ben Cumhu 2 Ymix
9 Chicchan 13 Ix 3 Ik

10 Cimi 1 Men 4 Akbal
11 Manik 2 Cib 5 Kan
12 Lamat 3 Caban 6 Chicchan
13 Muluc 4 Ezanab 7 Cimi
1 Oc 5 Cauac 8 Manik
2 Chuen 6 Ahau 9 Lamat
3 Eb 7 Ymix 10 Muluc
4 Ben Muan 8 Ik 11 Oc

5 Ix 9 Akbal 12 Chuen
6 Men 10 Kan 13 Eb

7 Cib 11 Chicchan 1 Ben

8 Caban 12 Cimi 2 Ix

9 Ezanab 13 Manik 3 Men

10 Cauac 1 Lamat 4 Cib
11 Ahau 2 Muluc 5 Caban
12 Ymix 3 Oc 6 Ezanab Tzoz
13 Ik 4 Chuen 7 Cauac
1 Akbal 5 Eb 8 Ahau

2 Kan ù? (\ Rpt, 9 Ymix

3 Chicchan $%\ «Ben 1Q Jk

4 Cimi ::1 ro 7 Ix 11 Akbal

5 Manik *l\ 8 Men Î2-KÏT1

6 Lamat > I 9 Cib 12 K an

6 Lamat êlilO^ban 13 Chicchan

7 Muluc 10 Caban 1 Cimi

8 Oc 11 Ezanab Pop 2 Manik
9 Chuen 12 Cauac 3 Lamat
10 Eb 13 Ahau 4 Muluc
11 Ben Pax 1 Ymix 5 Oc

12 Ix 2 Ik 6 Chuen
13 Men 3 Akbal 7 Eb

1 Cib 4 Kan 8 Ben

2 Caban 5 Chicchan 9 Ix

3 Ezanab 6 Cimi 10 Men

4Cauac 7 Manik 11 Cib

5 Ahau 8 Lamat 12 Caban
6 Ymix 9 Muluc 13 Ezanab Tzec
7 Ik 10 Oc 1 Cauac
8 Akbal 11 Chuen 2 Ahau
9 Kan 12 Eb 3 Ymix

& o ^tmj-CiBI UA.it \jr ni j$ JUnypi&l'iS-Pr C UraWii J£T. I Et HNOLOGY

̃ ~-r_ ̃* ETHNOLOGY 4

"-J .s • L~.LUJ.'VA.

Days. Months. Days. Months. ,ir Days. Months.
4 Ik 8 Chuen 12 Ahau

5 Akbal 9 Eb 13 Ymix

6 Kan 10 Ben 1 Ik

7 Chicchan 11 Ix 2 Akbal

8 Cimi 12 Men 3 Kan

9 Manik 13 Cib 4 Chicchan
10 Lamat 1 Caban 5 Cimi

11 Muluc 2 Ezanab Chen 6 Manik

12 Oc 3 Cauac 7 Lamat

13 Chuen 4 Ahau 8 Muluc

1 Eb 5 Ymix 9 Oc

2 Ben 6 Ik 10 Chuen

3 Ix 7 Akbal 11 Eb

4 Men 8 Kan 12 Ben

5 Cib 9 Chicchan 13 Ix

6 Caban 10 Cimi 1 Men

7 Ezanab Xul 11 Manik 2 Cib

8 Cauac 12 Lamat 3 Caban

9 Ahau 13 Muluc 4 Ezanab Mac
10 Ymix 1 Oc 5 Cauac

11 Ik 2 Chuen 6 Ahau

12 Akbal 3 Eb 7 Ymix

13 Kan 4 Ben 8 Ik

1 Chicchan 5 Ix 9 Akbal

2 Cimi 6 Men 10 Kan

3 Manik 7 Cib 11 Chicchan
4 Lamat 8 Caban 12 Cimi

5 Muluc 9 Ezanab Yax 13 Manik

6 Oc 10 Cauac 1 Lamat

7 Chuen 11 Ahau 2 Muluc

8 Eb 12 Ymix 3 Oc

9 Ben 13 Ik 4 Chuen

10 Ix 1 Akbal 5 Eh

11 Men 2 Kan 6 Ben

12 Cib 3 Chicchan 7 Ix

13 Caban 4 Cimi 8 Men

1 Ezanab Yaxkin 5 Manik 9 Cib

2 Cauac 6 Lamat 10 Caban

3 Ahau 7 Muluc 11 Ezanab Kankin
4 Ymix 8 Oc 12 Cauac

5 Ik 9 Chuen 13 Ahau

6 Akbal 10 Eb 1 Ymix

7 Kan 11 Ben 2 Ik

8 Chicchan 12 Ix 3 Akbal

9 Cimi 13 Men 4 Kan

10 Manik 1 Cib 5 Chicchan
11 Lamat 2 Caban 6 Cimi

12 Muluc 3 Ezanab Zac 7 Manik

13 Oc 4 Cauac 8 Lamat

1 Chuen 5 Ahau 9 Muluc

2 Eb 6 Ymix 10 Oc

3 Ben 7 Ik 11 Chuen

4 Ix 8 Akbal 12 Eb

5 Men 9 Kan 13 Ben

6 Cib 10 Chicchan 1 Ix

7 Caban 11 Cimi 2 Men

8 Ezanab Mol 12 Manik 3 Cib

9 Cauac 13 Lamat 4 Caban

10 Ahau 1 Muluc 5 Ezanab Muan
11 Ymix 2 Oc 6 Cauac

12 Ik 3 Chuen 7 Ahau

13 Akbal 4 Eb 8Ymix

1 Kan 5 Ben 9 Ik

2 Chicchan 6 Ix 10 Akbal

3 Cimi 7 Men 11 Kan

4 Manik 8 Cib 12 Chicchan
5 Lamat 9 Caban 13 Cimi

6 Muluc 10 Ezanab Ceh 1 Manik

7 Oc 11 Cauac 2 Lamat

MAYA H -1 1-

thomasJ CONTINUOUS SERIES OF DAYS. 1,~ 29

Days. Months. Days. Honths. Days. Months.
3 Muluc i? f 7 w7JlnJ,h 10 Cimi

J™ *J 2 8 Oanac 11 Manik

5 Chuen .3 8 Cauac 11 Manik

5 Chuen fl^ « L-auac 12 Lamat

6Eb >o 9Ahau 7q ™ i

7 Ben 10 Ymix 13Muluc

7Ben e 110 Y ~u 13 Muluc

g If Sil11Ik 2 Chuen
9 Men 12 Akbal Pop 3 Eb

LO Cib 13 Kan 4 Ben
Ll Caban 1 Chicchan 5 Ix

L2 Ezanab Pax 2 Cimi 6 Men
L3 Cauac 3 Manik 7 Cib
1 Ahau 4 Lamat 8 Caban
2 Ymix 5 Muluc 9 Ezanab
? Ik 6 Oc 10 Cauac
4 Akbal 7 Chuen 11 Ahau
5 Kan 8 Eb 12 Ymix
6 Chicchan 9 Ben 13 Ik

7 Cimi 10 Ix 1 Akbal Tzec
8 Manik 11 Men 2 Kan
9 Lamat 12 Cib 3 Chicchan
.0 Muluc 13 Caban 4 Cimi
1 Oc 1 Ezanab 5 Manik
2 Chuen 2 Cauac 6 Lamat
3 Eb 3 Ahau 7 Muluc
1 Ben 4 Ymix 8 Oc

2 If 5 Ik 9 Chuen
3 Men 6 Akbal Uo 10 Eb

4 Cib 7 Kan 11 Ben
5 Caban 8 Chicchan 12 Ix

6 Ezanab Kayab 9 Cimi 13 Men
7 Cauac 10 Manik 1 Cib
8 Ahau 11 Lamat 2 Caban
9 Ymix 12 Muluc 3 Ezanab
0 Ik 13 Oc 4 Cauac
1 Akbal 1 Chuen 5 Ahau
2 Kan 2 Eb 6 Ymix
3 Chicchan 3 Ben 7 lk

1 Cimi £ïx 8 Akbal Xul
2 Manik 5 Men 9 Kan
3 Lamat 6 Cib 10 Chicchan
4 Muluc 7 Caban n Cimi
5 Oc 8 Ezanab 12 Manik
6 Chuen 9 Cauac 13 Lamat
7 Eb 10 Ahau 1 Muluc
8 Ben 11 Ymix 2 Oc

9 Ix 12 Ik 3 Chuen
0 Men 13 Akbal Zip 4 Eb

1 Cib 1 Kan 5 Ben
2 Caban 2 Chicchau 6 Ix

3 Ezanab Cumhu 3 Cimi 7 Men
1 Cauac 4 Manik 8 Cib

2 Ahau 5 Lamat 9 Caban
3 Ymix 6 Muluc 10 Ezanab
St., 7 Oc 11 Cauac
l Akbal 8 Chuen 12 Ahau
3Kan 9Eb 13 Ymix
7 Chicchan 10 Ben 1 jk

J Cimi 11 Ix 2 Akbal Yaxkin
) Manik 12 Men 3 Kan
? Lamat 13 Cib 4 Chicchan
L Muluc 1 Caban 5 Cimi
l Oc 2 Ezanab 6 Manik
3 Chuen 3 Cauac 7 Lamat
L Eb 4 Ahau 8 Muluc
ï Ben 5 Ymix 9 Oc

| ïx 6 Ik 10 Chuen
b Men 7 Akbal Tzoz IL Eb

) Cib 8 Kan 12 Ben

> Caban 9 Chicchan 13 Ix

30 CALENDAB OP THE T~ESHEN tQODEX. [~~œ~

30 CALENDAR ÔP THE ifeESDEIf iÇODEX. [IÏhnology

Days. Months. Days. Months. Days. Months.
1 Men 5 Kan 9 Ben

2 Cib 6 Chicchan 10 Ix

3 Caban 7 Cimi 11 Men

4 Ezanab 8 Manik 12 Cib

5 Cauac 9 Lamat 13 Caban

6Ahau 10 Muluc 1 Ezanab
7 Ymix 11 Oc 2 Cauac

8Ik 12 Chuen 3 Ahau

9 Akbal Mol 13 Eb 4 Ymix

10 Kan 1 Ben 5 Ik

11 Chicchan 2 Ix 6 Akbal Muan
12 Cimi 3 Men 7 Kan

13 Manik 4 Cib 8 Chicchan
1 Lamat 5 Caban 9 Cimi

2 Muluc 6 Ezanab 10 Ma,nik
3Oc 7 Cauac 11 Lamat
4 Chuen 8 Ahau 12 Muluc
5 Eb 9 Ymix 13 Oc

6 Ben 10 Ik 1 Chuen
7 Ix 11 Akbal Ceh 2 Eb

8 Men 12 Kan 3 Ben

9 Cib 13 Chicchan 4 Ix

10 Caban 1 Cimi 5 Men

11 Ezanab 2 Manik 6 Cib

12 Cauac 3 Lamat 7 Caban
13 Ahau 4 Muluc 8 Ezanab
1 Ymix 5 Oc 9 Cauac

2 Ik 6 Chuen 10 Ahau

3 Akbal Chen 7 Eb 11 Ymix

4 Kan 8 Ben 12 Ik

5 Chicchan 9 Ix 13 Akbal Pax
6 Cimi 10 Men 1 Kan

7 Manik 11 Cib 2 Chicchan
8 Lamat 12 Caban 3 Cimi

9 Muluc 13 Ezanab 4 Manik
10 Oc 1 Cauac 5 Lamat
11 Chuen 2 Ahau 6 Muluc
12 Eb 3 Ymix 7 Oc

13 Ben 4 Ik 8 Chuen
1 Ix 5 Akbal Mac 9 Eb

2 Men 6 Kan 10 Ben

3 Cib 7 Chicchan 11 Ix

4 Caban 8 Cimi 12 Men

5 Ezanab 9 Manik 13 Cib

6 Cauac 10 Lamat 1 Caban
7 Ahau 11 Muluc 2 Ezanab
8 Ymix 12 Oc 3 Cauac
9Ik 13 Chuen 4 Ahau

10 Akbal Yax 1 Eb 5 Ymix
11 Kan 2 Ben 6 Ik

12 Chicchan 3 Ix 7 Akbal Kayab
13 Cimi 4 Men 8 Kan

1 Manik 5 Cib 9 Chicchan
2 Lamat 6 Caban 10 Cimi

3 Muluc 7 Ezanab 11 Manik
4 Oc 8 Cauac 12 Lamat
5 Chuen 9 Ahau 13 Muluc
6 Eb 10 Ymix 1 Oc

7 Ben 11 Ik 2 Chuen
8ix 12 Akbal Kankin 3 Eb

9 Men 13 Kan 4 Ben

10 Cib 1 Chicchan 5 Ix

11 Caban 2 Cimi 6 Men

12 Ezanab 3 Manik 7 Cib

13 Cauac 4 Lamat 8 Cahan
1 Ahau » Muluc 9 Ezanab
2 Ymix 6 Oc 10 Cauac
3 Ik 7 Chuen 11 Ahau

4 Akbal Zac 8 Eb 12 Ymix

MAYA .1

THOMAS, CONTINUOUS SERIES OF DAYS. 31

Days. Months. Days. Months. Days. Months.
13 Ik v 3 Oc 7 Cauac

1 Akbal Cumhu 4 Chuen 8 Ahau

2 Kan 5 Eb 9 Ymix

3 Chicchan 6 Ben 10 Ik

4 Cimi 7 Ix 11 Akbal

5 Manik 8 Men 12 Kan

6 Lamat 9 Cib 13 Chicchan

7 Muluc 10 Caban 1 Cimi

8 Oc 11 Ezanab 2 Manik

9 Chuen 12 Cauac 3 Lamat Yaxkin
10 Eb 13 Ahau 4 Muluc

11 Ben 1 Ymix 5 Oc

12 Ix 2 Ik 6 Chuen

13 Men 3 Akbal 7 Eb

1 Cib 4 Kan 8 Ben

2 Caban 5 Chicchau 9 Ix

3 Ezanab 6 Cimi 10 Men

4 Cauac 7 Manik 11 Cib

5 Ahau 8 Lamat Tzoz 12 Caban

6 Ymix 9 Muluc 13 Ezanab

7 Ik 10 Oc 1 Cauac

8 Akbal 11 Chuen 2 Ahau

9 Kan J* Eb 3 Ymix

10 Chicchan 13 Ben 4 Ik

t> 11 Cimi 1 If 5 Akbal

.s 11 Cimi 2 Men 6 Kan

12 Manik ? Men 6 Kan

12 Manik 3 Cib 7 Chicchan
13 Lamat Pop 4 Caban 8 Cimi

1 Muluc 5 Ezanab 9 Manik

2 Oc 6 Cauac 10 Lamat Mol
3 Chuen 7 Ahau 11 Muluc

4 Eb 8 Ymix 12 Oc

5 Ben 9 Ik 13 chuen

6 Ix 10 Akbal. 1 Eb

7 Men 11 Kan 2 Ben

8 Cib 12 Chicchan 3 Ix

9 Caban 13 Cimi 4 Men

10 Ezanab 1 Manik 5 Cib

11 Cauac 2 Lamat Tzec 6 Caban

12 Ahau 3 Muluc 7 Ezanab

13 Ymix 4 Oc 8 Cauac

1 Jk 5 Chuen 9 Ahau

2 Akbal 6 Eb 10 Ymix

3 Kan 7 Ben 11 Ik

4 Chicchan 8 Ix 12 Akbal

5 Cimi 9 Men 13 Kan

6 Manik 10 Cib 1 Chicchan

7 Lamat Uo 11 Caban 2 Cimi

8 Muluc 12 Ezanab 3 Manik

9Oc 13 Cauac 4 Lamat Chen
10 Chuen 1 Ahau 5 Muluc

11 Eb 2 Ymix 6 Oc

12 Ben 3 Ik 7 Chuen

13 Ix 4 Akbal 8 Eb

1 Men 5 Kan 9 Ben

2 Cib 6 Chicchan 10 Ix

3 Caban 7 Cimi 11 Men

4 Ezanab 8 Manik 12 Cib

5 Cauac 9 Lamat Xul 13 Caban

6 Ahau 10 Muluc 1 Ezanab

7 Ymix 11 Oc 2 Cauac

8 Ik 12 Chuen 3 Ahau

9 Akbal 13 Eb 4 Ymix

10 Kan 1 Ben 5 ik

11 Chicchan 2 Ix 6 Akbal.

12 Cimi 3 Men 7 Kan

13 Manik 4 Cib 8 Chicchau

1 Lamat Zip 5 Caban 9 Cimi

2 Muluc 6 Ezanab 10 Manik

32 CALENDAR OF THÉ DRESDEN CODEX. Ghnology

Days. Months. Days. Months. Days. Months.
11 Lamat Yax 1 Cib 4 Kan

12 Muluc 2 Caban 5 Chicchau

13 Oc 3 Ezanab 6 Cimi

1 Chnen 4 Cauac 7 Manik

2 Eb 5 Ahau 8 Lamat Kayab
3 Ben 6 Ymix 9 Muluc

4 Ix 7 Ik 10 Oc

5 Men 8 Akbal 11 Chuen

6 Cib 9 Kan 12 Eb

7 Caban 10 Chicchan 13 Ben

8 Ezanab 11 Cimi 1 Ix

9 Cauac 12 Manik 2 Men

lOAliau 13 Lamat Kankin 3 Cib

11 Ymix 1 Muluc 4 Caban

12 Ik 2 Oc 5 Ezanab

13 Akbal 3 Chuen 6 Canac

1 Kan 4 Eb 7 Ahau

2 Chicchan 5 Ben 8 Ymix

3 Cimi 6 Ix 9 Ik

4 Manik 7 Men 10 Akbal

5 Lamat Zac 8 Cib 11 Kan

6 Muluc 9 Caban 12 Chicchan

7 Oc 10 Ezanab 13 Cimi

8 Chuen 11 Cauac 1 Manik

9 Eb 12 Ahau 2 Lamat Cumhu
10 Ben 13 Ymix 3 Muluc

11 Ix 1 Ik 4 Oc

12 Men 2 Akbal 5 Chnen

13 Cib 3 Kan 6 Eb

1 Caban 4 Chicchan 7 Ben

2 Ezanab 5 Cimi 8 Ix

3 Cauac 6 Manik 9 Men

4 Ahau 7 Lamat Muan 10 Cib

5 Ymix 8 Muluc 11 Caban

6 Ik 9 Oc 12 Ezanab

7 Akbal 10 Chnen 13 Cauac

8 Kan 11 Eb 1 Ahau

9 Chicchan 12 Ben 2 Ymix

10 Cimi 13 Ix 31k

11 Manik 1 Men 4 Akbal

12 Lamat Ceh 2 Cib 5 Kan

13 Mulnc 3 Caban 6 Chicchan

1 Oc 4 Ezanab 7 Cimi

2 Chuen 5 Cauac 8 Manik

3 Eb 6 Ahau è £ f 9 Lamat

4 Ben 7 Ymix |^ 10 Muluc

0 Ix 8 Ik .3 J 21 Oc uc

6 Men 9 Akbal ® Ëu2 Chuen

7 Cib 10 Kan >~ iq Eb

8 Caban 11 Chicchau S l

9 Ezanab 12 Cimi 1 Ben pop
10 Cauac 13 Manik Yax 2 Ix

11 Ahau 1 Lamat Pax 3 Men

12 Ymix 2 Muluc 4 Cib

13 Ik 3 Oc 5 Caban

1 Akbal 4 Chuen 6 Ezanab

2 Kan 5 Eb 7 Cauac

3 Chicchau 6 Ben 8 Ahau

4 Cimi 7 Ix 9 Ymix

5 Manik 8 Men 10 Ik

6 Lamat Mac 9 Cib 11 Akbal

7 Muluc 10 Caban 12 Kan

8 Oc 11 Ezanab 13 Chicchan

9 Chuen 12 Cauac 1 Cimi

10 Eb 13 Ahau 2 Manik

11 Ben 1 Ymix 3 Lamat

12 Ix 2 Ik 4 Muluc

13 Men 3 Akbal 5 Oc

̃ *7-i"

thomIs] CONTINUOUS SERIES OF DAYS. 33

Days. Months. Days. Months. Days. Months.
6 Chuen 10 Ahau 1 Mu]uc

7 Eb 11 Ymix 2 Oc

8 Ben Uo 12 Ik 3 Chuen

9 Ix 13 Akbal 4 Eb

10 Men 1. Kan 5 Ben Chen
11 Cib 2 Chicchan 6 Ix

12 Caban 3 Cimi 7 Men

13 Ezanab 4 Manik 8 Cib

1 Cauac 5Lamat 9 Caban

2 Ahau 6 Muluc 10 Ezanab

3 Ymix 7 Oc 11 Cauac

4 Ik 8 Chuen 12 Ahau

5 Akbal 9 Eb 13 Ymix

6 Kan 10 Ben Xul 1 ik

7 Chicchan 11 Ix 2 Akbal

8 Cimi 12 Men 3 Kan

9 Manik 13 Cib 4 Chicchan

10 Lamat 1 Caban 5 Cimi

11 Muluc 2 Ezanab 6 Manik

12 Oc 3 Cauac 7 Lamat

13 Chuen 4 Ahau 8 Muluc

1 Eb 5 Ymix 9 Oc

2 Ben Zip 6 1k 10 Chuen

3 Ix 7 Akbal 11 Eb

4 Men 8 Kan 12 Ben Yax
5 Cib 9 Chicchan 13 Ix

6 Cauac 10 Cimi 1 Men

7 Ezanab 11 Manik 2 Cib

8 Cauac 12 Lamat 3 Caban

9 Ahau 13 Mu lue 4 Ezanab

1° Ymix 1 Oc 5 Cauac

11 Ik 2 Chuen 6Ahau

12 Akbal 3 Eb 7 Ymix

13 Kan 4 Ben Yaxkin 8 Ik

1 Chicchan 5 Ix 9 Akbal

2 Cimi 6 Men 10 Kan

3 Manik 7 Cib 11 Chicchan

4 Lamat 8 Caban 12 Cimi

5 Muluc 9 Ezanab 13 Manik

£ O° 10 Cauac 1 Lamat

7 Chuen 11 Abau 2 Muluc

8Eb 12 Ymix 3 qc

9 Ben Tzoz 13 Ik 4 Chuen

10 Ix 1 Akbal 5 gb

11 Men 2 Kan 6 Ben Zac
12 Cib 3 Chicchan 7 jx

13 Caban 4 Cimi 8 Men

1 Ezanab 5Manik 9 (jj^

2 Cauac 6Lamat 10 Caban

3 Ahau 7 Muluc 11 Ezanab

4 Ymix « 12 Cauac

51k 9 Chuen iq Aiiail

6 Akbal 10 Eb 1 Ymix

7 Kan 11 Ben Mol 2 Ik

8 Chicchan 12 Ix 3 Akbal

9 Cimi 13Men 4 Kan

10 Manik 1 Cib 5 Chicchan

11 Lamat 2 Caban 6 Cimi

12 Muluc 3 Ezanab 7 Manik

4 Cauac 8 Lamat

1 Chuen 5 Ahau 9 Muluc

2 Lb 6 Ymix ^q Oc

3 Ben Tzec 7 Ik 11 Chuen

4Ix 8 Akbal 12 Eb

5 Men 9 Kan 13 Ben Ceh
6 Cib 10 Chicchan 1 rx

7 Caban 11 Cimi o Meil

8 Ezanab 12 Manik 3 q^

9 Cauac 13 Lamat 4 Caban

BULL. S = 19 3

34 ^ALENDAR OF TH£ DSESBEiftJÔDEX. [So^gï

34 rÀ~~NbAR OF THE DFX. ETH~NOLOGY

D«j/s. Months. Days. Months. Days. Months.
5 Ezanab 7 Chicchan 9 Eb

6Cauac 8 Cimi iïfiftRPTi

7 Ahau 9 Manik -S I il fx

8 Ymix 10 Lamat S io Ix

8Ik HMuluc 12 Men

10 Akbal 12 0c -.5* iCabm

11 Kan 13 Chuen § l Cabdn

12 Chicchan 1 Eb 2 Ezanab Pop
13 Cimi 2 Ben Pax 3 Cauac

1 Manik 3 Ix 4 Ahau

2 Lamat 4Men 5 Ymix

3 Muluc 5 Cib 61k

40c 6 Caban 7 Akbal

5 Chuen 7 Ezanab 8 Kan

6Eb 8 Cauac 9 Chicchan
7 Ben Mac 9 Ahau 10 Cimi

8 Ix 10 Ymix 11 Manik

9 Men 11 Ik 12 Lamat

10 Cib 12 Akbal 13 Muluc

11 Caban 13 Kan 1 Oc

12 Ezanab 1 Chicchan 2 Chuen

13 Cauac 2 Cimi 3 Eb

1 Ahau 3 Manik 4 Ben

2 Ymix 4 Lamat 5 Ix

3 Ik 5 Muluc 6 Men

4 Akbal 6 Oc 7 Cib

5 Kan 7 Chuen 8 Caban

6 Chicchan 8 Eb 9 Ezanab Uo
7 Cimi 9 Ben Kayab 10 Cauac

8 Manik 10 Ix < 11 Ahau

9 Lamat 11 Men 12 Ymix

10 Muluc 12 Cib 13 Ik

11 Oc 13 Caban 1 Akbal

12 Chuen 1 Ezanab 2 Kan

13 Eb 2 Cauac 3 Chicchan
1 Ben Kankin 3 Ahau 4 Cimi

2 Ix 4 Ymix 5 Manik

3 Men 5 Ik 6 Lamat

4 Cib 6 Akbal 7 Muluc

5 Caban 7 Kan 8 Oc

6Ezanab 8 Chicchan 9 Chnen

7 Cauac 9 Cimi 10 Eb

8 Ahau 10 Manik 11 Ben

9 Ymix 11 Lamat 12 Ix

10 Ik 12 Muluc 13 Men

11 Akbal 13 Oc 1 Cib

12 Kan 1 Chuen 2 Caban

13 Chicchan 2 Eb 3 Ezanab Zip
1 Cimi 3 Ben Cumhu 4 Cauac

2 Manik 4 Ix 5 Ahau

3 Lamat 5 Men 6 Ymix

4 Muluc 6 Cib 7 Ik

5 Oc 7 Caban 8 Akbal

6 Chuen 8 Ezanab 9 Kan

7 Eb 9 Cauac 10 Chicchan
8 Ben Jliuin 10 Ahau 11 Cimi

9 Ix 11 Ymix 12Manik

10 Men 12 Ik 13 Lamat

11 Cib 13 Akbal 1 Muluc

12 Caban 1 Kan 2 Oc

13 Ezanab 2 Chicchan 3 Chuen

1 Canac 3 Cimi 4 Eb

2 Ahau 4 Manik 5 Ben

3 Ymix 5 Lamat 6 Ix

4 Ik 6 Muluc 7 Men

5 Akbal 7 Oc 8 Cib

6 Kan 8 Chuen 9 Caban

thomas] CONTINUOUS SERIES OF DAYS. 35

Days. Months. Days. Months. Days. Months.
10 Ezanab Tzoz 1 Manik 5 Cib

11 Cauac 2 Lamat 6 Caban

12 Ahau 3 Muluc 7 Ezanab Zac
13 Ymix 4 Oc 8 Cauac

1 Ik 5 Chuen 9 Ahau

2 Akbal 6 Eb 10 Ymix

3 Kan 7 Ben il Ik

4 Chicchan 8 Ix 12 Akbal

5 Cimi 9 Men 13 Kan

6 Manik 10 Cib 1 Chicchan
7 Lamat 11 Caban 2 Cimi

8 Muluc 12 Ezanab Mol 3 Manik

9 Oc 13 Cauac 4 Lamat

10 Chuen 1 Ahau 5 Muluc

11 Eb 2 Ymix 6 Oc

12 Ben 3 Ik 7 Chuen

13 Ix 4 Akbal 8 Eb

1 Men 5 Kan 9 Ben

2 Cib 6 Chicchan 10 Ix

3 Caban 7 Cimi 11 Men

4 Ezanab Tzec 8 Manik 12 Cib

5 Cauac 9 Lamat 13 Caban

6 Ahau 10 Muluc 1 Ezanab Ceh
7 Ymix 11 Oc 2 Cauac

8Ik 12 Chuen 3 Ahau

9 Akbal 13 Eb 4 Ymix

10 Kan 1 Ben 5 Ik

11 Chicchan 2 Ix 6 Akbal

12 Cimi 3 Men 7 Kan

13 Manik 4 Cib 8 Chicchan
1 Lamat 5 Caban 9 Cimi

2 Muluc 6 Ezanab Chen 10 Manik

3Oc 7 Cauac 11 Lamat

4 Chuen 8 Ahau 12 Muluc

5Eb 9 Ymix 13Oc

6 Ben 10 Ik 1 Chuen

7Ix 11 Akbal 2 Eb

8 Men 12 Kan 3 Ben

9 Cib 13 Chicchan 4 Ix

10 Caban 1 Cimi 5 Men

11 Ezanab Xul 2 Manik 6 Cib

12 Cauac 3 Lamat 7 Caban

13 Ahau 4 Muluc 8 Ezanab Mac
1 Ymix 5 Oc 9Cauac

2 Ik 6 Chuen 10 Ahau

3 Akbal 7 Eb 11 Ymix

4 Kan 8 Ben 12 Ik

5 Chicchan 9 Ix 13 Akbal

6 Cimi 10 Men 1 Kan

7 Manik 11 Cib 2 Chicchan
8 Lamat 12Caban 3 Cimi

9 Muluc 13 Ezanab Yax 4 Manik

1.0 Oc 1 Cauac 5 Lamat

11 Chuen 2 Ahau 6 Muluc

12 Eb 3 Ymix 7 Oc

13 Ben 4 Ik 8 Chuen

1 Ix 5 Akbal 9 Eb

2 Men 6 Kan 10 Ben

3 Cib 7 Chicchan 11 Ix

4 Caban 8 Cimi 12 Men

5 Ezanab Yaxkin 9 Manik 13 Cib

6 Cauac 10 Lamat 1 Caban

7 Ahau 11 Muluc 2 Ezanab Kankin
8 Ymix 12 Oc 3 Cauac

9 Ik 13 Chuen 4 Ahau

10 Akbal 1 Eb 5 Ymix

11 Kan 2 Ben 6 Ik

12 Chicchan 3 Ix 7 Akbal

13 Cimi 4 Men 8 Kan

'f; '<<

36 CALENDAR 0F THE D~SDEN'œDEX. CBVREev ot~

36 CALENDAR OF TIIE DRES~M~boD'EX. ETHNOLOOY

Days. Movtha. Days. Months. Days. Monthn.
9 Chicchan 13 lx 3 Ik

10 Cimi 1 Men 4 Akbal Zip
11 Manik 2 Cib -r> Kan

12 Lamat 3 Caban 6 Chicchan
13 Mnluc 4 Ezanab Cumbu 7 Cimi

1 Oc 5 Cauac 8 Manik

2 Clmen 6 Ahau 0 Lamat

«EI> 7 Ymix 10 Muluc

4Een «Ik 11 Oc

5IX Akbal 12 Chuen

6 Men 10 Kan 13 Eb

7 Cib h llOhicchaii 1 Ben

8 Caban 12 Cimi 2 lx

9 Ezanab Muan 13 Manik 3 Men

10 Cauac 1 Lamat 4 Cib

HALan 2 Muluc 5 Caban

12 Ymix 3 Oc 6 Ezanab

13 ik 4 Chuen 7 Cauac

1 Akbal 5 Eb 8 Ahau

2 Kan 6 Ben 9 Ymix

3Chicchan 7 lx 10 Ik

4 Cimi 8 Men 11 Akbal Izoz
5 Manik 9 Cib 12 Kan

6 Lamat 10 Caban 13 Chicchan

8OcUl"C élfllEzanab 1 Cimi

8 Oc .1è<Z,lUa ) 2 Manik

8 Oc +"j 12- 12 Cauacs 2 Manik

t) CI ¡:¡ 12 aune 3 L t

9 Chuelt 13 Ah:tll 3 ama

}0 Eb ?!V?Ymtx 4 Muluc

11 Beu Cè 2 Ik 5 Oc

19 Ix fe g 1K 6 Chuen

liMeii 3 Akbal Pop 7 Eb

1 cib 4 Kan 8 Ben

2 Caban 5 Chicchan 9 Ix

3 Ezanab Pax 6 Cimi 10 Men

4 Cauac 7 Manik 11 Cib

5 Ahau 8 Lamat 12 Caban

H Ymix 9 Muluc 13 Ezanab

7 ik 10 Oc 1 Cauac

8 Akbal 11 Chuen 2 Ahau

9 Kan 12 Eb 3 Ymix

10 Chicchan 13 Ben 4 1k

11 Cimi Hx 5 Akbal lzec
12 Manik 2 Men b Kan

13 Lamat 3 Cib 7 Chicchan
1 Muluc 4 Caban 8 Cimi

2 Oc 5 Ezanab 9 Manik

3 Chuen 6 Cauac; 10 Lamat

4 Eb 7 Ahan 11 Muluc

5 Ben 8 Ymix 12 Oc

6Ix 9 Ik 13 Chuen

7 Men 10 Akbal llo 1 Eb

8 Cib 11 Kan 2 Ben

9 Caban 12 Chicchan 3 Ix

10 Ezanab Kayah 13 Cimi 4 Men

11 Cauac 1 Manik 5 Cil)

12 \hau 2 Lamat o Caban

13 Ymix 3 Mulnc 7 Ezanab

1 Ik 4 Oc 8 Cauac

2 Akbal 5 Chuen 9 Ahau

3 Kan 6 Eb 10 Ymix

4 Chicchan 7 Ben 11 Ik

5 Cimi 8Ix 12 Akbal Xul
GMauik 9 Mon 13 Kan

7 Lamat 10 Cib 1 Chicchau
8 Muluc 11 Caban 2 Cimi

«j Oc 12 Ezanab 3 Manik

10 Chuen 13 Cauac 4 Lamat

11 Eb 1 Ahau 5 Muluc

12 Ben 2 Ymix 6 Oc

thomIs] CONTINUOUS SERIES OF DAYS. 37

THOMA JS

Days. Months. Days. Montas. Days. Months.
7 Chuen 11 Ahau 2 Muluc
8 Eb 12 Ymix 3 Oc

9 Ben 13 Ik 4 Chuen
10 Ix 1 Akbal Yax 5 Eb

11 Men 2 Kan 6 Ben

12 Cib 3 Chicchan 7 Ix

13 Caban 4 Cimi 8 Men

1 Ezanab 5 Manik 9 Cib

2 Cauac 6 Lamat 10 Caban
3 Ahau 7 Muluc 11 Ezanab
4 Ymix 8 Oc 12 Cauac
5 Ik 9 Chuen 13 Ahau

6 Akbal Yaxkin 10 Eb 1 Ymix

7 Kan 11 Ben 2 Ik

8 Chicchan 12 Ix 3 Akbal Kankin
9 Cimi 13 Men 4 Kan

10 Manik 1 Cib 5 Chicchan
11 Lamat 2 Caban 6 Cimi
12 Muluc 3 Ezanab 7 Manik
13 Oc 4 Cauac 8 Lamat
1 Chuen 5 Ahau 9 Mnluc
2Eb 6 Ymix 10 Oc

3 Ben 7 Ik 11 Chuen
4Ix 8 Akbal Zac 12 Eb

5 Men 9 Kan 13 Ben

6 Cib 10 Chicchau 1 Ix

7 Caban 11 Cimi 2 Men

8 Ezauab 12 Manik 3 Cib

9 Cauac 13 Lamat 4 Caban
10 Ahau 1 Mu lue 5 Ezanab
11 Ymix 2 Oc 6 Cauac
12 Ik 3 Chuen 7 Ahau
13 Akbal Mol 4 Eb 8 Ymix
1 Kan 5 Ben 9 Ik

2 Chicchan 6 Ix 10 Akbal Muan
3 Cimi 7 Men 11 Kan

4 Manik 8 Cib 12 Chicchan
5 Lamat 9 Caban 13 Cimi

6 Muluc 10 Ezanab 1 Manik
7 Oc 11 Cauac 2 Lamat
8 Chuen 12 Ahau 3 Muluc
9 Eb 13 Ymix 4 Oc

10 Ben 1 Ik 5 Chuen
11 Ix 2 Akbal Ceh 6 Eb

12 Men 3 Kan 7 Ben

13 Cib 4 Chicchan 8 Ix

1 Caban 5 Cimi 9 Men

2 Ezanab 6 Manik 10 Cib

3 Cauac 7 Lamat 11 Caban
4 Ahau 8 Muluc 12 Ezanab
5 Ymix 9 Oc 13 Cauac
6 Ik 10 Chuen 1 Ahau

7 Akbal Chen 11 Eb 2 Ymix

8 Kan 12 Ben 3 Ik

9 Chicchan 13 Ix 4 Akbal Pax
10 Cimi 1 Men 5 Kan

11 Manik 2 Cib 6 Chicchan
12 Lamat 3 Caban 7 Cimi
13 Muluc 4 Ezanab 8 Manik
1 Oc 5 Cauac 9 Lamat
2 Chuen 6 Ahau 10 Muluc
3 Eb 7 Ymix 11 Oc

4 Ben 8 Ik 12 Chuen
5 Ix 9 Akbal Mac 13 Eb

6 Men 10 Kan 1 Ben

7 Cib 11 Chicchan 2 Ix

8 Caban 12 Cimi 3 Men

9 Ezanab 13 Manik 4 Cib

10 Cauac 1 Lamat 5 Caban

.««tt.~j~ .7~

38 CALENDAR OF THE DEE^DËN CODEX. [Sology

Days. Months. Days. Months. Days. Monlhs.
6 Ezanab 9 Cimi 13Men

7 Cauac 10 Manik 1 Cib

8 Ahau 11 Lamat Uo 2 Caban

9 Ymix 12 Muluc 3 Ezanab

10 Ik 13 Oc 4 Cauac

11 Akbal Kayab 1 Chuen 5 Ahau

12 Kan 2 Eb 6 Ymix

13 Chicchan 3 Ben 7 Ik

1 Cimi 4 Ix 8 Akbal

2 Manik 5 Men 9 Kan

3 Lamat 6 Cib 10 Chicchan

4Muluc 7 Caban 11 Cimi

5 Oc 8 Ezanab 12 Manik

6 Chuen 9 Cauac 13 Lamat Xul

7 Eb 10 Ahau 1 Muluc

8 Ben 11 Ymix 2 Oc

9 Ix 12 Ik 3 Chuen

10 Men 13 Akbal 4 Eb

11 Cib 1 Kan 5 Ben

12 Caban 2 Chicchan 6 Ix

13 Ezanab 3 Cimi 7 Men

1 Cauac 4 Manik 8 Cib

2 Ahau 5 Lamat Zip 9 Caban

3 Ymix 6 Muluc 10 Ezanab

4 Ik 7 Oc 11 Cauac

5 Akbal Cumhu 8 Chuen 12 Ahau

6 Kan 9 Eb 13 Ymix

7 Chicchan 10 Ben 1 Ik

8 Cimi 11 Ix 2 Akbal

9 Manik 12 Men 3 Kan

10 Lamat 13 Cib 4 Chicchan

11 Muluc 1 Caban 5 Cimi

12 Oc 2 Ezanab 6 Manik

13 Chuen 3 Cauac 7 Lamat Yaxkin
1 Eb 4Ahau 8 Muluc

2 Ben 5 Ymix 9 Oc

3 Ix 6 Ik 10 Chuen

4 Men 7 Akbal 11 Eb

5 Cib 8 Kan 12 Ben

6 Caban 9 Chicchan 13 Ix

7 Ezanab 10 Cimi 1 Men

8 Cauac 11 Manik 2 Cib

9 Ahau 12 Lamat Tzoz 3 Caban

10 Ymix 13 Muluc 4 Ezanab

11 Ik 1 Oc 5 Cauac

r.o 2 Chuen 6 Ahau

S I \12o £kbal 3 Eb 7 Ymix

'"0 13 Kaa~ 4 Ben 81k

•~t»{ 1 Chicchan 5 Ix 9 Akbal 1

>% 2 Cimi 6 Men 10 Kan

Sx, "3 3 Manik 7 Cib 11 Chicchan

° 4 Lamat Pop 8 Caban 12 Cimi

5 Muluc 9 Ezanab 13 Manik

6 Oc 10 Cauac 1 Lamat Mol

7 Chuen 11 Ahau 2 Muluc

8 Eb 12 Ymix 3 Oc

9 Ben 13 Ik 4 Chuen

10 Ix 1 Akbal 5 Eb

11 Men 2 Kan 6 Ben

12 Cib 3 Chicchan 7 Ix

13 Caban 4 Cimi 8 Men

1 Ezanab 5 Manik 9 Cib

Canac 6 Lamat Tzec 10 Caban

3 Ahau 7 Muluc 11 Ezanab

4 Ymix 8 Oc 12 Cauac

5 Ik 9 Chuen 13 Ahua

6 Akbal 10 Eb 1 Ymix

7 Kan 11 Ben 2 Ik

8 Chicchan 12 Ix 3 Akbal

ttoSas] CONTINUOUS SERIES OF DAYS. 39

Days. Months. Days. Months. Days. Months.
4Kan 7 Eb 10 Ahau

5 Chicchan 8 Ben 11 Ymix

6 Cimi 9 Ix 12 Ik

7 Manik 10 Men 13 Akbal

8 Lamat Chen 11 Cib 1 Kan

9 Muluc 12 Caban 2 Chicchan
10 Oc 13 Ezanab 3 Cimi

11 Chuen 1 Cauac 4 Manik

12 Eb 2 Ahau 5 Lamat Pax
13 Ben 3 Ymix 6 Muluc

1 Ix 4 Ik 7 Oc

2 Men 5 Akbal 8 Clmen

3 Cib 6 Kan 9 Eb

4 Caban 7 Chicchan 10 Ben

5 Ezanab 8 Cimi 11 Ix

6 Cauac 9 Manik 12 Men

7 Ahau 10 Lamat Mac 13 Cib

8 Ymix 11 Muluc 1 Caban

9 Ik 12 Oc 2 Ezanab

10 Akbal 13 Chuen 3 Cauac

11 Kan 1 Eb 4 Ahau

12 Chicchan 2 Ben 5 Ymix

13 Cimi 3 Ix 6 Ik

1 Manik 4 Men 7 Akbal

2 Lamat Yax 5 Cib 8 Kan

3 Muluc 6 Caban 9 Chicchan
4 Oc 7 Ezanab 10 Cimi

5 Chuen 8 Cauac 11 Manik

6 Eb 9 Ahau [End] 12 Lamat Kayab
7 Ben 10 Ymix 13 Muluc

8 Ix 11 Ik 1 Oc

9 Men 12 Akbal 2 Chnen

10 Cib 13 Kan 3 Eb

11 Caban 1 Chicchan 4 Ben

12 Ezanab 2 Cimi 5 Ix

13 Cauac 3 Manik 6 Men

1 Ahau 4 Lamat Kankin 7 Cib

2 Ymix 5 Muluc 8 Caban

3 Ik 6 Oc 9 Ezanab

4 Akbal 7 Chuen 10 Cauac

5 Kan 8 Eb 11 Ahau

6 Chicchan 9 Ben 12 Ymix

7 Cimi 10 Ix 13 Ik

8 Manik 11 Men 1 Akbal

9 Lamat Zac 12 Cib 2 Kan

10 Muluc 13 Caban 3 Chicchan
11 Oc 1 Ezanab 4 Cimi

12 Chuen 2 Cauac 5 Manik
13 Eb 3 Ahau 6 Lamat Cumhu
1 Ben 4 Ymix 7 Muluc

2 Ix 5 Ik 8 Oc

3 Men 6 Akbal 9 Chuen

4 Cib 7 Kan 10 Eb

5 Caban 8 Chicchan 11 Ben

6 Ezanab 9 Cimi 12 Ix

7 Canac 10 Manik 13 Men

8 Ahau 11 Lamat Mnan 1 Cib

9 Ymix 12 Mulnc 2 Caban

10 Ik 13 Oc 3 Ezanab
11 Akbal 1 Chuen 4 Cauac

12 Kan 2 Eb 5 Ahau

13 Chicehan 3 Ben 6 Ymix

1 Cimi 4 Ix 7 Ik

2 Manik 5 Men 8 Akbal

3 Lamat Ceh 6 Cib 9 Kan

4 Muluc 7 Caban 10 Chicehan
5 Oc 8 Ezanab 11 Cimi

6 Chnen 9 Cauac 12 Manik

40 CALENDAR OF THE DRESBE.N COÎ)EX. [e™nology

CALENDAR OF THE DRESD~,N C EX. ETHNOLO(3Y

Days. Months. Days. Months. Days. Months.

A f1OT 3 Cib 7 Chicchan

I H ? Lamat 4 Caban 8 Cimi

= •3 j JJfulnc 5 Ezanab 9 Manik
S b l o \\l 6 Cauac 10 Lamat

•S S J Chuen 7 Ahau HMuluc

i 4 Eh 7 Ahan 11 Mulnc

g [ 4 M) 8 Ymix 12 Oc

5 Ben Pop 9 Ik 13 Chuen

6 Ix 10 Akbal 1 Eb

7 Men 11 Kan 2 Ben Mol
8 Cib 12 Chicchan 3 Ix

9 Caban 13 Cimi 4 Men

10 Ezanab 1 Mauik 5 Cib

11 Cauac 2 Lainat 6 Caban

12 Ahau 3 Mulnc 7 Ezanab

13 Ymix 4 Oc 8 Canac

1 Ik 5 Chuen 9 Ahau

2 Akbal 6 Eb 10 Ymix

3 Kan 7 Ben Tzec 11 Ik

4 Chicchan 8 Ix 12 Akbal

5 Cimi 9 Men 13 Kan

6 Manik 10 Cib 1 Chicchan

7 Lamat 11 Caban 2 Cimi

8 Muluc 12 Ezanab 3 Mauik

9 Oc 13 Canac 4 Lamat

1C Chuen 1 Ahan 5 Muluc

11 Eb 2 Ymix 6 Oc

12 Ben Uo 3 Ik 7 Chnen

13 Ix 4 Akbal 8 Eb

1 Men 5 Kan 9 Ben Chen
2 Cib 6 Chicchan 10 Ix

3 Caban 7 Cimi 11 Men

4 Ezanab 8 Manik 12 Cib

5 Cauac 9 Lamat 13 Caban

6 Ahau 10 Muluc 1 Ezanab

7 Ymix 11 Oc 2 Cauac

8 Ik 12 Chuen 3 Ahau

9 Akbal 13 Eb 4 Ymix

10 Kan 1 Ben Xnl 5 Ik

11 Chicchan 2 Ix 6 Akbal

12 Cimi 3 Men 7 Kan

13 Manik 4 Cib 8 Chicchan

1 Lamat 5 Caban 9 Cimi

2 Muluc 6 Ezanab 10 Manik

3 Oc 7 Canac 11 Lamat

4 Chuen 8 Ahan 12 Muluc

5 Eb 9 Ymix 13 Oc

6 Ben Zip 10 Ik 1 Chuen

7 ix 11 Akbal 2 Eb

8 Men 12 Kan 3 Ben Yax
9 Cib 13 Chicchan 4 Ix

10 Caban 1 Cimi 5 Men

11 Ezanab 2 Manik 6 Cib

12 Cauac 3 Lamat 7 Caban

13 Ahan 4 Mulnc 8 Ezanab

1 Ymix 5 Oc 9 Cauac

2 Ik 6 Chuen 10 Ahau

3 Akbal 7 Eb 11 Ymix

4 Kan 8 Ben Yaxkin 12 Ik

5 Chicchan 9 Ix 13 Akbal

6Cimi 10 Men 1 Kan

7 Manik 11 Cib 2 Chicchan

8 Lamat 12 Caban 3 Cimi

9 Muluc 13 Ezanab 4 Manik

10 Oc 1 Cauac 5 Lamat

11 Chuen 2 Ahau 6 Muluc

12 Eb 3 Ymix 7 Oc

13 Ben Tzoz 4 Ik 8 Chnen

Hx 5 Akbal 1 9 Eb

2 Men 6 Kan 10 Ben Zac

thomIs] ] CONTINUOÛS SERIES OF DAYS. 41

Days. Montas. Days. Months Days. Months.
11 Ix 11 Manik 11 Ahau

12 Men 12 Lamat 12 Ymix

13 Cib 13 Muluc 13 Ik

1 Caban 1 Oc 1 Akbal

2 Ezanab 2 Chuen 2 Kan

3Cauac 3 Eb 3 Chicchan

4 Ahau 4 Ben Ceh 4 Cimi

5 Ymix 5 Ix 5 Manik

6 Ik 6 Men 6 Lamat

7 Akbal 7 Cib 7 Muluc

8 Kan 8 Caban 8 Oc

9 Chicchan 9 Ezanab

10 Cimi 10 Cauac

The reader, in making use of this list, must bear in mind that it is
one continuous séries of consecutive days, without a single break from
beginning to end. The second column on each page follows the end of
the first, and the third the end of the second; and the first column of
each page follows the third column of the preceding page throllghont
the table. The reason for commencing the list with 9 Lamat will appear
hereafter.

Before proceeding further it is necessary to give the reasons for concluding
that in the series now under considération the count is not
from the first day of the month, that is to say, from Kan, Muluc, Ix,
and Cauac, as appears to hâve been the usual custom, but from the
last days, that is to say, from Akbal, Lamat, Ben, and Ezanab. Beferringto
table 2, under plate 46, it will be seen that 3 Cib is there given
as the fourth day of the month Yaxkin, and 5 Cib as the nineteenth
day of the month Tzec. Now, if the year, and consequently the months
also, began with Ix, then Cib would be the third day; but if it commenced
with Ben, as shown in the Ben column in table 3, it would
be the fourth day. If the year commenced with Kan, then Cib would
be the thirteenth day, and the fourteenth if it commenced with Akbal.
If the year began with Muluc, it would be the eighth day, and the
ninth if it commenced with Lamat. If the year began with Cauac, Cib
would be the eighteenth day, and the nineteenth if it commenced with
Ezanab.

It is évident, therefore, that the dates given can be explained only on
the theory that the count began with the day usually considered the
last of the month in Ix years. This being true, it may be, as maintained
by Dr. Seler, that at the time and place where the Dresden
codex was formed it was the custom to commence the years with
Akbal, Lamat, Ben, and Ezanab, instead of with Kan, Muluc, Ix, and
Cauac, which would make the connt begin with the last day of the
month.

Although 1 have heretofore expressed some doubt concerning this
point, yet, since the series can be traced on either plan, 1 have concluded
to follow Dr. Seler's suggestion, and have constructed the preceding
calendar tables on this plan. This obviates the necessity of
using double dates, and also brings this system into harmony with the
Tzental calendar.

42 CALË~T R O~' ~'t'HE DRÈ~I~EN CO1~ ~'X. [BUREAU OF

42 CALËÏTDAR OF THE DRE°Sl>E.N COliEX. Rnology

Referringnow to table 2 (page 20), and beginning with 3 Cib, on plate
46rthe^lays may be counted, using the intervals at the bottom of the
plate-11 months, 16 days; 4 months, 10 days; 12 months, 10 days;
and 0 months, 8 days-which are given in red symbols in the original.
According to these intervals, 4 months and 10 days must be
counted from 3 Cib, the fourth day of Yaxkin, to reach 2 Cimi, the
fourteenth day of Zac. From this point 12 months and 10 days must
be counted to reach 5 Cib, the nineteenth day of the month Tzec; then
8 days to reach 13 Kan, the seventh day of the month Xul; next 11
months and 16 days to reach 2 Ahau, the third day of the month Cumhu
on plate 47 and so on.

As heretofore explained, the counter under a column indicates the
interval between the day over the preceding column and the day over
the column under which it stands. As there is a counter under the
first (left-hand) column of plate 46, with which the record begins, it
must denote that the count commences with a day 11 months and 16
days preceding 3 Cib, the fourth day of Yaxkin. It may also be
observed in the figure columns between the upper and lower lines of
month names that the first column is 11 months and 16 days; hence the
series must begin with a day 11 months and 16 days preceding that over
this column.

In counting intervals of time, as is well nnderstood, the first interval
includes the first and last days thereof, while those which follow
exclude the last day reached and commence with the following day.
Thus, from Sunday to Saturday is seven days; to the next Saturday
is seven days, and so on. So it is necessary to commence with 3
Cib, the fourth day of Yaxkin, which is marked on the list of days
(table 6) with an asterisk, and count back 11 months and 16 days, or
236 days. As Yaxkin is always the seventh month of the year, then
from the commencement of the year to the fourth day of Yaxkin
(including both days) must be 6 months and 4 days, or 124 days.
Counting back this number of days from 3 Cib, 10 Ben (the first day
of the month Pop) is reached, and this is the first day of the year.
This year is, therefore, 10 Ben, according to the system adopted, and
by turning to table 3 it is seen that Cib can be the fourth day of the
month only in Ben years. Counting back the five intercalary days of
the preceding year 4 Manik, the last day of the preceding year proper,
and consequently of the months, is next reached. Lamat must, therefore,
be the first day of the months and of the year. One hundred and
twenty-nine days being now counted, 107 more remain, and these, commencing
with 4 Manik, bring us to 2 Ymix, the fourteenth day of the
month Mac. The count therefore begins, in fact, with 2 Ymix, which is
the fourteenth day of the month Mac, the thirteenth month of the year
9 Lamat.

That Ymix was generally placed as the first of the series among the
Maya tribes is évident from the lists which have been preserved by

thomIs] YMIX IN THE MAYA CALENDAR. 43

early authors. For example, the Maya, Tzental, and Quiché-Cakchiquel
lists are usually given as follows

Usual day names in the Maya, Tzental, and Quiche- CaTcchiquel dialects.

MAYA. TZENTAL. QTJICHÉ-CAK.
1 Ymix (or Imix) Imox Imox
2 Ik Igh Ik
3 Akbal Votan Akbal
4 Kan Ghanan Kat
5 Chicchan Abagh Can
6 Cimi Tox Camey
7 Manik Moxic Queh
8 Lamat Lambat Canel
9 Muluc Molo Toh
10 Oc Elab Tzi
11 Chuen Batz Batz
12 Eb Euob Ee
13 Ben Been Ah
14 Ix (or Hix) Hix Balam
15 Men Tziquin Tziquin
16 Cib Chabin Ahmak
17 Caban Chic Noh
18 Ezanab Chinax Tihax
19 Cauac Cahogh Caok
20 Ahau Aghaual Hunahpu

uv 1111CUW 1~11Q)l.ilU1 llüLlpilllJu

Why Ymix was not chosen as one of the "year-bearers" is a mystery
which is not yet solved. It is probable, however, that this order came
down from a time previous to the adoption of the four-year series. It
is évident from Landa's language and from some series in the codices
that Ymix was selected as the day with which to begin certain chronologie
periods. This author's language, which is somewhat peculiar, is
as follows:

It is cnrious to note how the dominical letter always comes up at the beginning
of its year, without mistake or failing, and that none of the other twenty letters
appear. They also use this method of counting in order to derive from certain letters
a method of counting their epochs and other things, which, thongh interesting to
them, does not concern us much here. It is enough to say that the character or letter
with which they begin their computation of the days of their calendar is always one
Ymix, which is this, (/JV\Y which has no certain or fixed day on which it falls. Because
each one changes its position according to his own count; yet, or ail that, the
dominical letter of the year which follows does not fail to come up correctly.* ~`
It seems probable that a wrong inference has been drawn from this
language by writers. It does not declare that the '-dominical letter"
wasYmix; on the contrary, a careful analysis of his language
Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan, p. 236.

44 =. CA~I~AR OF THE DRESDEN. CODEX. CBLREAU OF
1Í! 1 -.à 4`· c. E'CHNOLOQF

shows clearly that ne refers thereby to the year bearers, as he says,
They also use this method of counting in order to derive from certain
letters a method of counting their epochs and other things." But
the list of days commenced with "one Ymix," and this was considered
the commencement of their calendar as Ce Cipactli was of the
Nahautl calendar. He also expressly distinguished the u dominical
letter" from this day. As he says, it lias no certain or
fixed day on which it falls. Because each one changes its position
according to his [its] own count; yet, for ail that, the dominical letter of
thé year which follows does not fail to corne up correctly." Now it is
apparent from this language that by dominical letter" he alludes to
the year-bearer and not to Ymix. It is possible, therefore, that the
illustration given him was from a series like that now under considération,
which started with this day.

Eeturning now to 3 Cib in the list of days (table 6), the count must
be carried forward 4 months and 10 days (or 90 days). As this is the
fourth day of the seventh month (Yaxkin), this should reach the fourteenth
day of Zac, the eleventh month; this is 2 Cimi, which agrees
with the record, plate 46. Now, counting forward 12 months and 10
days, it will require (since 2 Cimi is the fourteenth day of the eleventh
month, Zac) 7 months and 6 days to reach the end of the year, which
in this case, not counting the five intercalary days, will be 5 Eb.
If there were no intercalary days, then the next year would commence
with 6 Ben, as the days must always follow one another in regular
sequence. As 5 months and 4 days remain to make up the 12 months
and 10 days, it the count is continued, commencing with 6 Ben and
without allowing for the five intercalary days, 5 Cib is reached, and
this is the proper day as given in the third column of plate 46. But
instead of being thé nineteenth day of the fifth month, Tzec, it is the
fourth day of the sixth month, Xul, for the months of this year would
ail commence five days earlier than is given in the table. As this
extends five days beyond the date given in the codex (third column,
plate 46), it proves beyond controversy that the five days should be
added before commencing the next year. In order to make this clear,
the several steps of the count forward, from 2 Cimi, the fourteenth day
of the eleventh month, Zac, will be noted.

Counting 6 days, 8 Eb, the last day of Zac is reached; then follows
the month Ceh, 20 days; Mac, 20 days; Kankin, 20 days; Muan, 20
days; Pax, 20 days; Kayab, 20 days; and Cumhu, 20 days, ending
with 5 Eb, making in ail 7 months and 6'days (or 146 days). Adding
to these the 5 intercalary days-6 Ben, 7 Ix, 8 Men, 9 Cib, and 10
Caban the sum is 7 months and 11 days (or 151 days), leaving 4
months and 19 days (or 99 days) of the 12 months and 10 days to be
counted. The reader will also observe that the next day of the list is
11 Ezanab, the first day of the month Pop, and consequently the first

T~ls] THE TE8T,t)F THE RECKONl~G~ 45

day of a new year; therefore the count of this year begUis with 11
Ezanab. It would be well in this connection to refer to the calendar,
table 3 (page 21), as occasion will arise to use it. We count now the
month Pop, 20 days; Uo, 20 days Zip, 20 days Tzoz, 20 days then
to the nineteenth day of the month Tzec makes 4 months and 19 days
to complete the 12 months and 10 days. This carries the count to 5
Cib, the nineteenth day of the month Tzec, which agrees with the date
over thé third column, plate 46. Eight days more reach 13 Kan, the
seventh day of the month Xul, the date over the fourth column of
plate 46. Counting 11 months and 16 days from 13 Kan, thé seventh
day of Xul, 2 Ahau, the third day of thé eighteenth month, Cumhu, is
reached. This accords with thé date over the first column of plate 47.
As the next count is 4 months and 10 days it is évident that it runs
into the next year, which, as thé present is 11 Ezanab, should, under
the system above outlined, be 12 Akbal. Counting 17 days, 6 Caban,
the last day of the month is reached; rive more carry thé count to 11
Ik, the last of the intercalary days, and the close ofthe complete year.
As the next day is 12 Akbal, the first of thé month Pop, it is the
commencement of another year. As 22 days, or 1 month and 2 days,
have now been counted, there remain of the 4 months and 10 days
only 3 months and 8 days (or 68 days). Thèse bring the count to 1
Oc, the eighth day of the month Tzoz, the date over the second column of
plate 47. Continuing the count, 12 months and 10 days more we reach
4 Ahau, the eighteenth day of the month Pax, the date over the third
column of plate 47. Eight days more extend to 12 Lamat, the sixth
day of the month-Kayab. Thé count must now be carried forward 11
months and 16 days in order to reach the first day of the first column
in plate 48. Counting forward from this point 1 month and 14 days
(or 34 days), we reach 7 Ik, the end of Cumhu, and hence thé close of
the year proper. Adding the five intercalary days-8 Akbal, 9 Kan,
10 Chicchan, 11 Cimi, and 12 Manik,-13 Lamat, the first day of the
month Pop is reached, and with it the beginning of another year. As
1 month and 19 days have now been counted, there remain of the 11
months and 16 days, the period of 9 months and 17 days. Starting
with 13 Lamat, the first day of Pop, this brings the reckoning to 1
Kan, the seventeenth day of the month Yax, the date over thé fir st
column of plate 48. Four months and 10 days more extend to 13 Ix,
the seventh day of Muan, the date over the second column of plate 48.
Twelve months and ten days more would extend to 3 Kan, the twelfth
day of Chen; but as this runs into the next year, the steps are noted.
Counting forward from 13 Ix, the seventh day of Muan, to 8 Manik,
the last day of Cumhu, there are found to be 3 months and 13 days;
and thé rive intercalary days reach 13 Eb, the last day of thé year.
Following this is 1 Ben, the first day of the month Pop, and also of the
next year. As 3 months and 18 days have been counted, there remain 8
months and 12 days out of the 12 months and 10 days. Counting these,

46 CALENDAR OF THE DBESDEN CODEX. BUREAU or

3 Kan, thé twelfth dayof Chen (the date over the third column of plate
48) is reached; and 8 days more terminate with 11 Eb, the twentieth
day of Chen, which is the date over the fourth column of plate 48.
The method of reckoning having been set forth in the preceding
paragraphs, the further count may now be indicated more briefly.
Starting with the last mentioned date, 11 months and 16 days extend
to 13 Lamat, the eleventh day of Zip, the date over the first column of
plate 49. This count passes from a Ben year to an Ezanab year, including
the five intercalary days. It is needfui also to note the order and
number of the years in passing, as this is a very important part of the
Maya calendar. By looking back over the list of days, and noting the
first day of thé month Pop in the different years, the names and numbers
of the years are found. Beginning with 9 Lamat, the year containing
2 Ymix, the first day of our séries, 10 Ben follows, next 11 Ezanab,
then 12 Akbal, 13 Lamat, 1 Ben, and 2 Ezanab, thé year now reached.
Counting forward 4 months and 10 days from 13 Lamat, 12 Ezanab,
the first day of Mol is reached, the date over the second column of
plate 49. Then 12 months and 10 days extend to 2 Lamat, the sixth
day of Uo, in the year 3 Akbal; and eight days more reach 10 Cib, the
fourteenth day of Uo, the date over the fourth column of plate 49.
Eleven months and 16 days more reach 12 Eb, the tenth day of Kankin,
the date over the first column of plate 50 and 4 months and 10
days more end with 11 Ik, the twentieth day of Cumhu. Counting now
12 months and 10 days (including the five intercalary days), 1 Eb, the
fifth day of the month Mac, in the year 4 Lamat is reached; and eight
days more carry the count to 9 Ahau, the th irteenth day of Mac, the
date over the fourth column of plate 50.

This is the end of the series formed by the top line of days of the columns
on plates 46-50, reading from left to right, and taking the plates in
the order of numbering. This line, and the order in which the dates
have been taken, is shown in table 1 (page 18).

That it is necessary to count the five intercalary days at the end of
each year is rendered evident by the following facts

1. The dates given on the plates can not be assigned to any yearseries
in which ail the years commence with a given day, which must
necessarily be the case if but 360 days are counted to a year. As
evidence of this, it is only necessary to call attention again to the fact
that Cib is the fourth day of the month only in the years beginning
with the day Ben; while Ahau (first column, plate 47) is the third day
of the month only in years commencing with the day Ezanab, and is
the eighteenth day (third column, plate 47) only in years beginning with
the day Akbal; while Kan is the seventeenth day (first column, plate
48) only in years beginning with the day Lamat.

2. As has been shown by the list of days, thé dates given can be
reached (using thé counters on the plates) only by adding the five supplemental
days at the end of each year.

T~ls] THE PROOF 0F THE INTERCALATION. 47

3. As shown by this list, the years follow each other in the order
heretofore given, that is to say, 9 Lamat, 10 Ben, 11 Ezanab, 12 Akbal,
13 Lamat, 1 Ben, 2 Ezanab, 3 Akbal, and 4 Lamat, the upper line of
days ending with 9 Ahau, the thirteenth day of the thirteenth month,
Mac, of the last named year.

The entire series, commencing with 2 Ymix, the thirteenth day of
Mac, in the year 9 Lamat, and ending with 9 Ahau, the twelfth day of
Mac, in the year 4 Lamat, consists of 2,920 days, or precisely eight
years of 365 days each.*

Having reached the end of the series consisting oniy of the top days
of the columns, the question arises, Does the series continue to the
second line of days, and so on to the end of the bottom, or thirteenth
horizontal line? If so, counting 11 months and 16 days from 9 Ahau,
over the last column of plate 50, should reach 11 Cib, the fourth day
of Yaxkin, which is the second day of the first column of plate 46, and
the beginning of the second horizontal line of days. This line, as
will be seen by turning to the series of columns heretofore given in
table 1 (page 18), is as follows:

Plate 46-11 Cib. 10 Cimi. 13 Cib. 8 Kan.

47-10 Ahau. 9 Oc. 12 Ahau. 7 Lamat.

48- 9 Kan. 8 Ix. 11 Kan. 6 Eb.

49- 8 Lamat. 7 Ezanab. 10 Lamat. 5 Cib.

50- 7 Eb. 6 Ik. 9 Eb. 4 Ahau.

The lines follow each other in a single continuous series. Turning
now to 9 Ahau (in table 6, page 39) the thirteenth day of Mac, ill the
year 4 Lamat, the day with which the first line ended, and counting
from this 11 months and 16 days, inclading thé five supplemental days
at the end of the year, 11 Cib, the fourth day of Yaxkin in the year
of 5 Ben is reached. This is the second day of the first column on plate
46. A count of 4 months and 10 days more reaches 10 Cimi, the fourteenth
day of the month Zac, which is thé second day of thé second
column of plate 46. And so the count may be continued to 1 Ahau. the
last day of the fourth column on plate 50, and the last of the complete
series of thirteen lines, covering in ail a period of 104 years, or two
cycles. But to complete this series only the upper line of months on
table 2 has been used. This series, as above stated, ends with 1
Ahau, the thirteenth day of Mac, the thirteenth month of the year
9 Lamat, but a year of a different cycle from that in which the
count began. If the count is carried 11 months and 16 days from this
date it will reach 3 Cib, the fourth day of Yaxkin in the year 10 Ben,
precisely the year in which the first 3 Cib is found. This shows that
the series is complete, as it returns to the starting point.

It wHl be seen by reference to my paper entitled ~Aids to the study of the Maya
codices/' 6th Ann. Rep. Bnr. Ethu., p. 302, that the conclusion there reached is
shown by the discovery here explained to be incorrect. 1 had not found at that
time satisfactory evidence of the introduction of the five supplemental days or of
the four series of years.

48 CALENSAROFTHED~Ea~N~DEX. [~~o~

ETHNOLOC:Y

This result must necessarily be true, as the series comprises exactly
two cycles (i. e., between Cib and Cib-the count back to Ymix being
arbitrary); moreover, it contravenes the supposition that one or more
days are added after certain period.s to compensate for the fraction of a
day required to render the year exact. Even were these added days
without names, the numberiug would go on, and would become manifest
in the count. To assume that they were added without name or number
is a mère hypothesis. If the count runs through 104 years according
to the regular system, without the loss or addition of a day, very positive
evidence will be required to show the addition of thèse compensating
days.

It may be said that the foregoing count bas not extended through
the entire series, and that added days may be found somewhere before
the end is reached. But the contrary is readily shown by referring to
table 1. As ail the days in a column are thé same, and the intervais
the same for ail the horizontal lines, it is evident that thé number of
days in each horizontal line is the same. It is therefore certain that
there are no supernumerary days in the entire series.

The count given above also shows that the series just examined,
which is basedon theupper line of month symbols, does not form a connectionwith
thatof the second line of month symbols which commences
with 3 Cib, the ninth day of the month Zac* in the year 3 Lamat.
This séries, although using the same day columns and the same
counters or intervals as those of the first line of month symbols, must
necessarily be distinct; for if continuons it should commence with precisely
the same date as the first, since it starts a new cycle, or perhaps
more correctly at the same point in the cycle as thé first. If this second
series is traced through in the same way as the first, it is necessary
to remember to count back 11 months and 16 days from 3 Cib, the ninth
day of Zac, to ascertain the initial day of the series. This is found to
be 2 Ymix, the nineteenth day of the month Kayab in the year 2 Akbal.
It is worthy of notice that here also the count begins with Ymix, and,
like the other, 2 Ymix; but a study of the system will make it apparent
that this result must necessarily follow unless there is an arbitrary
break, or a duplication of one or more days.

The lowest of the three series, in which the first date on plate 46 is
3 Cib, the nineteenth day of Kayab, if traced back is found also to
commence with 2 Ymix. As 3 Cib, the nineteenth day of Kayab, falls
in the year 3 Ezanab, counting back 11 months and 16 days reaches
2 Ymix, the fourth day of the month Xul of thé same year.
*The 8 Zac in the second month line, first column, plate 46, is an évident mistake
on the part of the scribe, as Cib can never be the eigbth day of the month, according
to the calendar followed above. According to the usual system, where the years
begin with Kan, Muluc, Ix, Cauac, it would be thé eighth day of the Muluc years.
This looks a little like a slip back to a nsiial method, where the scribe was trying
to follow an unnsual system.

hiAYt1 -1 ,.3,

-i~is] RELAYONS OF THE SERIES. 49

As each of thé ttiree series consists of 104 years, thé three together
make 312 years, thé length of one grand cycle. However, as they do
not form a continuous series, it can not be maintained that they were
intended to embrace that period; in fact, if arrauged consecutively, i)i
the order of thne, there will be a break or interval between the close
of the first series and thé commencement of the second amounting to
19 years, and between the second and third a break of 27 years. It is
therefore probable that ail these series cover substantially the same
period, that is, that they overlap one another. I shall not enter, at
present, into a discussion of Dr. Forstemann's opinion that this series
refers to the révolution of thé planet Venus.

BULL. S–19–4

50

CHAPTER II.

DISCUSSION OF OTHER TIME SERIES.

An examination of other series which can be traced, and are of sufficient
length to furnish a test, shows very clearly that they eau ail be
explained in accordance with the year of 365 days and the four-year
system, and that they contain nothing inconsisteiit therewith. In fact,
as will be seen below, every series whieh does not give the days of the
month, like that discussed in thé previous chapter, will fit into the
year of 365 days and the four year-series, and also into the year of 360
days. But the latter must always begin with the same day; for it is
évident to everyone that years of 360 days, consisting of eighteen
months of twenty days each, the twenty days liaving each a distinct
name and always following one another in the saine order, must commence
with the same day, unless there is an arbitrary change.

On plate 30 of thé Dresden codex there are the four day-columns here
given, with the red numéral xi over each. This red numeral, as
explained in a former paper,* is thé week" number to be joined to each
day of the column over which it is placed. The record is as follows
XI XI XI XI

Ahau Chicchan Oc Mon

Caban Ik Manik Eb

Ix Cauac Kan Muluc

Chuen Cib Ymix Cirni

Lamat Ben Ezanab Akbal

Extending from thé right of this group, and running through the
lowest division to the middle of plate 33, there is a numeral series consisting
of nine pairs of numbers, each pair the same (13 and xi), the
former black, the latter red. The black is the counter or interval, and
the red the week number of the day reached. The sum of the black
numbers (9x13) is 117, which is the interval between the successive
days of each column; thus, from 11 Ahau to 11 Caban is 117 days, and
so on down to Lamat, the last day of thé left-hand column. From 11
Lamat to 11 Chicchan, the first day of the second column, is also 117
days, and so on to thé last day of the fourth column. These four columns,
therefore, form one continuons series of 2,233 days, commencing
with 11 Ahau and ending with 11 Akbal; butby adding 117 more days
*~Aids to the Study of thé Maya Codices," op. uit., pp. 290-291.

MAYA ] e 1., %,b

T~~s] l SERIEB IN PLATE XXX, DRESDEN CODEX. ~1

to complete the cycle to 11 Ahau-which appears to be the plan of these
series-the total is 2,340 days, or 9 cycles of 260 days each, or, in other
words, nine sacred years.

Turning now to table 3 (page 21), and selecting 11. Ahauili either column
and counting forward continuously, using the same day column
without adding the five days, it will be seen that thé proper days will
be reached.* For example, Ahau, the third day in the Ezanab column,
may be selected, and the count may be carried from 11 opposite in the
fourth number column. Continuing from this 117 days, 11 Caban, the
twentieth day of the ninth number column is reached; 117 days from
this (going back to the first column when the thirteenth is completed)
ends with 11 Ix, the seventeenth day of the second number column 117
more with 11 Chuen, the fourteenth day of the eighth number column;
117 more with 11 Lamat, the eleventh day of the first column; and so on
to the end. It is evident, therefore, that the series can be traced in
years of 360 days, if these years begin with the same day.
An attempt will now be made to trace it in accordance with the
usual calendar system. However, as it appears to be usual in this
codex to begin the years and months with the days usually considered
the last, as bas been found true of thé series on plates 46-50, it may be
taken for granted that the same ruie holds good hère. If the reader
has learned how to count by the compound calendar, table 3, it may be
used in following the explanation. As there is nothing whatever in
the series to indicate the years to which it is applied, it must be
considered of general application, and may begin in any year. The
year 1 Akbal, in which 11 Ahau falls on the eighteenth day of thé
thirteenth month, Mac, may therefore be selected. Carrying the count
forward from this date 117 days, or nve months and seventeen days,
the next year, which should be 2 Lamat, is entered. Counting now five
months and two days (or 102 days), 9 Ik, the last day of the year proper, >
is reached, and five days more end with 1 Manik, the last of the added
days; 2 Lamat will therefore be the first day of the next year. As 107
days have now been counted, the further count of 10 days, commencing
with 2 Lamat, extends to 11 Caban, the second day in the left-hand
column of our series. This is the tenth day of the fir st month, Pop, of
the year 2 Lamat. Counting forward from this, 117 days reaches 11
Ix, the seventh day of the seventh month, Yaxkin. As this is the
third day in the series, the count is carried forward 117 days more and
reaches 11 Chuen, thé fourth day of the thirteenth month, Mac; and 117
days more reacbes 11 Lamat, the last day of thé column. This is found
to be the first of the supplemental days of thé year 2 Lamat. In taking
the next step, four days are counted in this year and 113 days in thé
year 3 Ben. This period of 117 days closes with 11 Chicchan, thé first
day of the second column of the series given above.

*For the method of nsing this calendar, the reader is referred to my "Study of the
Manuscript Troano," op. cit., pp. 11-13.

"52 'biHER TIME SERIES~ 7 [~o~

r, 9 'iH 19 [ETHNOLOCiY

It is manifest from this examination that a!l series constructed on
the plan of this one are adjnstable to tl~e calendar system with the
year of 365 days and thé four year-series.

Referring now to the long series ou plates 53-58 of thé same codex,
the first five columns from the commencement in tlie upper division of
plate 53 are given, inserting two corrections in the upper numéral s
which the counters below show to be required. These corrections,
however, which were first made by Dr. Forstemann, and are absolutely
necessary to the order of the series, in no way affect the question now
at issue. The series is as follows:

1 1 3

8 17 7 15 6

17 î H

6 K:u) 1 Ymix 6 Muluc 1 Cimi 9 Akbal

7 Chicchan 2 Ik 7 Oc 3 Manik 10 Kau

8 Cimi 3 Akbal 8 Chuen 3 Lamat 11 Chicchan

8 8788 8

17 17 8 17 17

The numbers below thé columns dénote the intervais in months and
days; thus, from 6 Kan to 1 Ymix, is 8 months and 17 days; from 1
Ymix to 6 Muluc is 7 months and 8 days; from 6 Muluc to 1 Cimi is 8
months and 17 days; and so on. As there is also an interval of 8
months and 17 days under thé first column, it is necessary to count
back 8 months and 17 days from 6 Kan to find the initial day of the
series. Thé nnmerals over thé columns indicate thé sum of the intervals,
at any given column, from the initial day of the series. Thus the
numbers in thé lowest line may be considered days, or units of the first
order, of which twenty make one unit of thé second order; the second
line may be considered months, or, as Dr. Forstemann holds, units of
the second order, of which eighteen make a unit of the third order;
and the upper line years (of360 days), or units of the third order, one
1

of which equals 360 units of thé first order. the numbers 7

2

over thé third column equal 360+140+2 ~502 days, or 1 year (of 365
days), 6 months and 17 days.

As there is nothing in thé series to indicate the year in which it
begins, it may be assumed to commence in a year in which Kan is the
seventeenth day of the month. This is found to be a Lamat year, and
counting back 8 months and 17 days from 6 Kan, 12 Lamat is reached;
and this, as it is the first day of a month, may be assumed to be the first
day of a year. According to this reckoning 6 Kan of the first column
of the series will be the seventeenth day of tlie ninth month, Chen,
of the year 12 Lamat. Counting forward from this day, 8 months and
17 days carries thé reckoning to 1 Ymix, the fourteenth day of the
eighteenth month, Cumhu, which is the first day of the second columu

T~ls] SERIES IN PLATES LIII-LVIII. 53

'J'HODlA JS SERIR 53

of the series. Counting forward from tins 7 months and 8 days, 6
Muluc, the first day of the third column should be reached, but thé count
passes into the second year. Counting forward 6 days which remain
of the month Cumhu and the 5 intercalary days, 12 Eb is reached hence
the next year must begin with 13 Ben. Having counted 11 days,
there remain 6 months and 17 days of thé period of 7 months and 8
days. Commencing with 13 Ben, thé first day of the month Pop, this
period closes with 6 Muluc, which is the seventeenth day of thé seventh
month Yaxkin.

It is évident, therefore, thatthis series and aU those similarly constructed
can be explained according to the calendar system; and
this will hold good if tlie count is begun in any one of the four years.
It will be found true in thé example just given if the reckoning begins
with 6 Kan of the Akbal, Ben, and Ezanab years. A little study of the
calendar will show that this must necessarily be true of all series regularly
formed in whicli the months and days of thé month are not given.
As proof of tins a short series arbitrarily formed for illustration, in
which the intervals differ from one another, is presented:

1

6 12 3

715

1 Kan 11 Chuen 8Chicchan 10 Muluc

659

7 14 4

In this, as in the last example, the numbers below indicating thé
intervals are given in months and days. Turning to table 3 (page 21),
1 Kan, the second day of the year 13 Akbal, may be selected. It is,
therefore, the second day of the month Pop. Counting forward, 6
months and 7 days we reach 11 Chuen, the ninth day of the month Yaxkin
then 5 months and 14 days end with 8 Chicchan, tlie third day of
the thirteenth month, Mac. Assuming that thé year consists of 365
days, therewill remain to be counted in this year (13 Akbal) 5 months
and 17 days, and thé 5 intercalary days. This leaves to be counted 3
months and 2 days of the interval of 9 months and 4 days nnder the
last column of the series. As the next year must, according to the
rule, be 1 Lamat, the count commences with 1 Lamat, the first day of
the month Pop; and being carried forward 3 months and 2 days extends
to 10 Muluc, the second day of the fourth month Tzoz of the year 1
Lamat, and the last day of the series.

As proof that this series is constructed on the same plan as that on
plates 53-58 of thé Dresden codex, except that thé intervais are arbitrarily
given, it may be pointed out that each may aiso be traced on
the theory that thé year consisted of 360 days which always commenced
with thé same day. As the method of proving this has been shown
above, further démonstration would seem to be unnecessary.

54 OTHER TIME MRIE8/< [~~o~

ETHNOLOC~Y

We conclude, therefore, that the only satisfactory proof from the codices
in regard to the calendar system used therein is to be found in séries
which, like that on plates 46-50 of the Dresden codex, give the months
and days of the month. Nevertheless it can readily be seen how the dates
given in the other series may become fixed and determinate as regards
their practical use if they were intended for this purpose. Referring
again to that portion of thé series on plates 53-58 of the Dresden
codex, given above, the third column, in which thé days are 6 Muluc,
7 Oc, 8 Chuen, may be selected. Let us suppose thé priest wishes to
determine at what time in the year the ceremony or observance
referred to by this column and the written characters above is to take
place. Of course he knows thé name and number of the passing year.
Let us suppose it is 2 Ben. By turning to his calendar or by counting
the days he soon ascertains that 6 Muluc, 7 Oc, and 8 Chuen can fall,
in this year, only on the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth days
of thé third month, Zip, and sixteenth month, Pax.

It is apparent, therefore, that if intended for any practical use, the
time of year in which any of the dates of the series will fall can readily
be determined for thé passing year. There are, however, several of
the numeral series of the Dresden codex which must have been
inserted for other than a practical purpose in the sense indicated. In
fact, some of them appear, so far as our knowledge yet extends, to have
been given rather as exhibitions of the scribe's mathematical attainments
than otherwise. Perhaps, however, Dr. Forstemann may be
right in supposing they refer to the time periods of heavenly bodies.
As the chief object of this paper is accomplished in presenting the evidence
that the various series of the codices can be traced according to
the usnal Maya calendar with the simple change of one day in beginning
the list, and that the series on plates 46-50 of the Dresden codex
can be explained only in accordance with that calendar, it is unnecessary
to enter at present into a discussion of the objects and uses of
these time periods. It is probable that these questions will not reçoive
entirely satisfactory answers except through the interprétation of the
written characters. The same is probably true of the signification of
the day and month names which has recently occupied tlie attention
ofDr. Edward Seler and Dr. D. G. Brinton.

Although they have added to our knowledge of the relation of the
various calendars to one another, and have shown that probably most,
if not ail, of the corresponding day names are intended to express substantially
the same ideas, yet the uncertainty which hangs about most
of thé definitions given is not likely to be dispelled until further
advancement has been made in deciphering the written characters or
further information has been obtained in regard to the origin and development
of the calendar.

55

CHAPTER III.

CALENDAR 0F THE INSCRIPTIONS.

One important result of the proof herein presented-i. e., that the calendar
system of the Dresden codex was based on thé year of 365 days
and the four year-series commencing with the days Akbal, Lamat, Ben,
and Ezanab-is that it enables students to decide positively that the
same system was used in thé inscriptions of Palenque, Lorillard City,
and Tikal.

As proof of this, reference maybe made first to the followingcombinations
of day and month symbols on the Palenque tablet. Thé
order in which thé glyphs of this inscription are to be read, as nrst
shown in my "Stndy of the Mannscript Troano" and now generally
admitted, is by double columns, from left to right, commencing at the
top; tims one reads across the top glyphs of the first two columns,
then the next two glyphs, and so on to the bottom. The scheme of
nnmbering the characters for reference is that adopted by Dr. Ran in
his "Palenque Tablet."

On the right slab at T8 is the symbol 1 Kan, followed at S9 by 2
Kayab. This gives thé year 6 Akbal. At S10 is 11 Lamat, followed
at T10 by 6 Xul. As Lamat is the sixth day of the month only in
Akbal years, this gives 10 Akbal as the year. Attention is also called
to the fact that Kan is the second day of the month only in years commencing
with Akbal. It is evident, therefore, that the calendar system
of the Dresden codex is followed here. At U17, is 5 Kan, followed
by 12 Kayab, w~hich refers to the year 12 Ben. But one month symbol
can be determined with certainty on the left slab. At D3 is 4 Ahau,
followed at C4 by 8 Cnmhu, giving the year 8 Bon. There are other combinations
on this tablet by which the year series in which they are found
may be ascertained, but thé number of the year can not be determined
as the month symbols are as yet unknown. For example, at X10 is 7
Kan, followed at Wll by 17 –(?) [month nnknown]. As Kan is the
seventeenth day of the month only in Lamat years (see table 3, page
21), it is known to belong to this year series, but the number of thé
year can not be determined without knowing thé month referred to.
It is possible that thé month names used in this inscription are not the
same throughout as those which have corne down to us; or it may be
that the symbols of some differ from those fonnd in the Dresden codex.
However, the symbols for Kayab, Xul, and Cumhu can be determined
with reasonable if not positive certainty, a fact which, together with
thé other agreements noticed, renders it quite certain that thé system
followed in thé two records is snbstantially the same. It is aiso sig-

1,~ I C'AI~'NDAI~ ~OeFyITH~ 'II~$f'Î~T~ONS. snRE~uoF'

56 CAI~ENDAR OF THE ÏNJ8n~PTIONS. [~

nincant that if the four years abwc dcternnned arc placed inproper
order, they will ail fall in the same decade; thus:

Akbal 7 (Lamat) 8 J5<~ ') (Ezanab)

10 Akbal 11 (Lamat) 12 Ben 13 (Ezanab)

Those in italics are the years determined by the symbols; the others
are introduced to show thé order in which theymust follow one another.
On one of thé casts made at Lorillard City by Charney, we find 3
Ymix followed by 14 -( ?) [month not determined]. By turning to table
3, the reader will observe that Ymix can be the fourteenth day of/ the
month only in Lamat years. As the name of thé month is unknown,
the number of the year can not be given.

It may be observed in passing that there appear, from Charney~s
casts, to be two classes of inscriptions at this locality, one of which is
nmch older than the other, the former allied to but apparently older
than those at Palenque, and thé other allied to those of Tikal. These
differences on thé one hand and similarities on the other are quite
marked.

On one of the Bernoulli inscriptions of Tikal, 3 Ahau is followed by
3 Mol (?). Although the identification of the month symbol is not
beyond question, it is known that Ahau can be the third day of the
month only in Ezanab years. In the same inscription 13 Akbal is followed
by 1 –(?) [month unknown]. By reference to table 3, it will be
seen that this must be the first day of the first or fourteenth month of
thé year 13 Akbal. On the same inscription also 11 Ik is followed by
15–(?) [month nnknown]. As Ik can be the fifteenth day of the
month only in Lamat years, three ont of thé four year-series are thus
ascertained. The proof is therefore positive that the same calendar
system was used in the inscriptions at the three places named as in the
Dresden codex.

It may of course be claimed that it does not necessarily follow from
the identity in form of the day symbols that the names were the same.
However, the evidence appears to be sufficient to prove that the calendar
system was the same, and to render ithighiy probable if not certain
that the significations of the day names, so far as determined, are snbstantially
thé same as those of thé Maya calendar. It is true, though,
that several symbols are found in these inscriptions wbich have
numerals attached and apparently stand for days and months, yet are
wholly different from any found in the Maya codices; and this fact
indicates that thé day and month names are not the same throughout,
and hence pertain to other but closely allied calendars.

According to Dr. Brinton,* the dominical days or year-bearers of the
Tzental calendar were Lambat (= Lamat), Ben, Chinax (= Ezanab),
and Votan (= Akbal). This is in précise agreement with the calendar
system of thé Dresden codex and the inscriptions.

*~The Native Calendar of Central America and Mexico," p. 12.

57

CHAPTERiV.

ORIGIN OF THE CALENDAR.

1 had not intended to offer at this time any suggestions in regard to
the origin of the singular calendar described in the foregoing pages;
but since the subject bas recently been brought into discussion, both
in this country and in Europe, it would seem fitting to refer to some
data which apparently hâve a bearing on the question. According to
Dr. Brinton

We know to a certainty that essentially the same calendar system was in use
among the Nahuas of the valley of Mexico and other tribes of thé same lingnistic
family resident in Tiascallan and Meztitlan, Soconusco, Guatemala, and Nicaragua;
that it prevailed among thé Mixtecs and Zapotecs; and that of thé nnmerous Mayau
tribes, it was familiar to the Mayas proper of Yucatan, the Tzentals and Zotzils of
Chiapas, the Quichés and Cackchiquels of Guatemala, and to their ancestors, the
builders of the ruined cities of Copan and Païen que. There is no direct evidence
that it had extended to the Huastecas of Maya lineage, on the Rio Panuco; but it
was in vogue among the Totonacos, their neighbors to thé south, on the Gulf of Mexico.
The Pirindas, Matlazincas, and Tarascos of Michoacan had also accepted it,
though perhaps not in a complete form. The Chiapanecs or Mangues, part of whom
lived in Nicaragua and part in Chiapas, had also adopted it. The tribes aboyé
named belong to seven entirely different linguistic stocks, but were not geographically
distant. Outside of the area which they occupied no traces of the calendar
system, with its many and salient peculiarities, have been found, either in the
New or Old World.

Two things are to be noted in any attempt to trace this singular
calendar to its origin first, that wherever we have found it, the peculiarities
are substantially developed; and, second, that we find no
traces of it among other American tribes than those named. It wonld
be rash, however, to assume from these tacts that it was not gradually
developed from a simpler form. Where is this bud, this germ to
be found Z Notwithstanding the derision such propositions usually
encounter, 1 present brieûy some reasons for believing that we must
look beyond the borders of our continent for it.

The special features of this calendar (though not ail peculiar to it)
are as follows: The division of the year into 18 months of 20 days, each
day of the month having its special name; the intercalation of 5 days
at the end of thé last month to complete thé 365; the method of counting
by thirteens; thé 9 Lords of thé night;" and the sacred period of
260days.

1 think we may safely assume that the natural basis of the division
into months, or rather of the count by months, was tlie revolution and
Native Calendar, op. cit., p. 5.

-r"~

58 ~RÏGINbrTHEGAm~B~R.- [~

C~THhOLO(~X

phases of thé moon that the mathematical basis was the count by thé
iingers~nvebeing the primary week or period; and that a mystical
reference to the cardinal points played a prominent part in its formation.
The want of conformity of this system to the return of the seasons
and the rising of certain constellations becoming apparent, the
year of definite or approximately definite length, determined chiefly
by thé stars, came into use.

The religious festivals and ceremonies being governed chiefly by thé
phases of the moon, thé effort properly to adjust the Innar and sidereal
periods has given rise to different calendar systems, the approach to
accuracy depending largely on the advance in culture and reliance on
the sidereal measure.

Although the références to thé calendars in use among the Polynesians
and Melanesians are brief and incomplète, and generally confused from
a lack on the part of writers of a correct knowledge of the system,
yet, when carefully studied, they seem to furnish a clue to thé origin
of the Mexican and Central American calendar. As proof of this statement
we present here some références, culled from the voluminous
literature relating to the Pacifie islands and their inhabitants.
Rev. Sheldon Dibble, who was thé teacher of history in tite Mission
Seminary at Lahainaluna, writes as follows in his History of the
Sandwich Islands"

Before proceeding further with thé narrative it may be proper hère to uotice their
ancient division of time and some few ancient traditions.

It is said that their division of time was made by their first progenitor, Wakea,
at the time of his domeatic qnarreL to which we have already alluded. Be this
true or false, the tradition shows that their division of time was very ancient.
In their reckoning, there were two seasons, summer and winter. When the snn was
perpendicular and moved toward the north, and thé days were long, and the trees
bore fruit, and the heat was prevalent-that was summer. But when the sun was
perpendicular and moved toward the south, and the nights were lengthenedj and the
trees without fruit, and the coldcame–that was winter. There were aiso six months
in each season. Thoseof the summer were: Ikiki, Kaaona, Hinaiaeleele, Kamahoemua,
Kamahoehope, and Ikua. Thé winter months were We!ehu, Makalii, Kaelo, Kaulua,
Nana, and Welo. Thèse twelve months united constitnted one year. Welehn was
thé completion of the year, and from Makalii thé new year was reckoned. In one year
there were nine times forty nights. The nights were counted hy the moon. There
were thirty nights in each month, seventeen of which werenot very light, and thirteen
were; thé different nights (and days) deriving their names from the different aspects
of thé moon, while increasing, at the full, and waning. The first night was called
Hilo (to twist), becanse the part then seen was a mcrethread; tlie next, a little
more plain, Hoaka (crescent); then Kukahi, Kulua, Kukolu, Kupna,01okukahi,
Olekulua, Olekukolu, OJekupau. When the sharp points were lost in the moon's
first quarter, the name of that night was Huna (to conceal); tite next, on its becoming
gibbons, Mohalu, then Hua; and when its ronndness was quite obviotis, Akua.
The nights in which thé moon was full or nearly so, were Hoku, Mahealani, and
Koln. Laaukukahi was thé namo ofthe night in which the moou's decrease became
perceptible. As it continued to diminish the nights were called Ola~ukulua, Laanpau,
Olekukahi, Olekulua, Olepan, Kaloakukahi, Kaloakulua, Kaloapau. When the
'Edition of 1843, pp, 24-26.

.g] HAWAIIAN CALENDAR. 59

THOMAS H~WAIIAN CALENDAR. 59

P. 108.

moon wao very small t:ie night was Mauli, and that in which it disappered, Muku.
The month of thirty days is thus completed.

From each month fo~.r periods were selected, in which the nights were consecrated,
or tabu. Tho followin~ are the names: Kapuku, Kapuhua, Kapukaloa, and Kapukane.
The first cousis sed of three nights, commencing with Hilo and terminating
with Kulua; the secon([ was a period oftwo nights, beginning with Mohalu and
endingwithAkua; th<~ two nights, from Olepau to Kaloakulua; thé fourth from
Kane to Mauli.

It is mostly in réfère ice to the sacred seasons that 1 have hère introduced their
division of time. Thé metho(l of reckoning by tlie moon led, of course, to many
irregularities. On a ft ture page I may perhaps notice some of them.
On another page lie makes the following statement:

Those who took thé nioat care in measnring time measured it by means both of the
moon and fixed stars. They dividcd the year into twelve months, and each month
into thirty days. They bad a distinct name for eacb ofthe days of the month, as
has beenshown on a former page, and commenced their numbering on the first day
that the new moon apreared in thé west. This course made it necessary to drop a
day abont once in two months, and thns reduce their year into twelve lunations
instead of three hundred and sixty days. This being about eleven days less than
the sidereal year, they discovered thé diserepancy and corrected their reckoning by
thé stars. In practice, therefore, the year varied, being sometimes twelve, sometimes
thirteen, lunar months. So, also, they sometimes numbered twenty-nine and sometimes
thirty days in a month.

Though their system was thus broken and imperfect, yet, as they could tell thé
name of the day and t~ie name of the month when any great event occnrred, their
time can be reduced to ours by a reference to the phase of the moon at the time.
But when thé change of thé moon takes place about the middle of our calendar
month, then we are liable to a mistake of a whole month. We areliable to another
mistake of a clay from the uncertainty of thé day that the moon was discovered in
the west. Having nothing to rely upon except merely their memories, they were
also liable to numerou!; mistakes from that source.

Although it is évident from this language that the author did not
thoroughly undersi~nd the system, a care~fui examination will enable
students to get at thé main points, and, by the aid of a later writer. to
gain a tolerably correct idea of the calendar. It is distinctly stated in
each extract, notwithstanding thé apparent contradiction in the latter,
that the year consisted of twelve months and that there were thirty
days (or nights) in each month. This, if there was no intercalation,
would give 360 days to the year. This is confirmed by thé additional
statement that "in one year there were nine times forty nights," which
I am inclined to believe would have been more correctly given by say.
ing ~there were forty times nine nights in a year."

It will be observed that in the second extract the author tries to
explain the relation of the lunations tothe twelve divisions of the sidereal
year, arriving at tlie conclusion that "in practice~ the years, and also
the months, varied in length. Yet he states distinctly that those who
took most care in measnring time (probably the priests) "measnred it
bymeans both ofthe moon and nxed stars;" and that at length having
discovered a diserepancy of eleven days in their reckoning, they corrected

~ft n~ VtT~ ~t~~ftt~! rnUREAUOF
DU 'HK~ Ut IHIi. U&jbl~RJtMm. LETHXOLOGY

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it ~by thé stars.~ It is apparent, therefore, that the Hawaiians had a
determinate sidereal year, and as he again avers that each of thé thirty
days of the month had its speciiic Dame (though lie does not give them
all), we may suppose that this error arose from a failure to intercalate
the proper number of days, and not by dropping from an extra month.
This supposition we find is confirmed by Judge Fornander in his Polynesian
Race," who says It is known tliat the Hawaiians who counted
twelve months ci' thirty days each, intercalated five days at thé end
of the month H~~AM, about December 20, which were tabu days
dedicated to the festival of thé god Lono; after which thé new year
began with the first day of the month ~û~K~ He also quotes from
Dibble the second extract given above and corrects it thns Mr. Dibble
omits to mention that the ~corrections of their reckoning ~by thé stars'
was made by the intercalation [the five daysj 1 have referred to." "It
thus appears," he continues, ~that the Hawaiians employed two modes
of reckoning-by the lunar cycles, whereby the monthly feasts or kapudays
were regulated; and the sidereal cycle, by which the close of the
year and the annual feast of Lono was r egulated." t The same writer
asserts that the public sacrifices and kapu days were observed only
~MW~ eight ~ow~As of the year, and discontinued during the months
of Ikuwa, Welehu, Makalii, and Kaela, when in the month of Kaulua
they recommenced.

The names ofthe months and aays as given by him are as follows:

MONTHS.

1 Makalii 4 Nana 7 Kaaona 10 Hilinama.
2 Kaela 5WeIo 8 Hinaieleele llikuwa.
3 Xaulua R Ikuki 9 Hilinebu 12 We~ehn
DAYS.

1 Hilo 11 Huna 21 Ole-kn-kahi
2 Hoaka 12 Mohalu 22 Ole-ku-lua
3 Kukahi 13 Hua 23 Ole-pau
4Ku-lua. 14 Akua 24 Kaloa-ku-kahi
5 Ku-kohi 15 Hoku 25 Kaloa kuin,
6 Ku-pau 16 Mahealani 26 Kaloa-pau
7 Ole-kn-kahi 17 Kulu 27 Kane

8 Ole-ku-lua 18 Laau-ku-kahi 28 Lono

9 Ole-ku-kolu 19 Laau-ku-lua 29 Mauli

10 Ole-ku-pau 20 Laau-pan 30 Muku

Now, tbe points in which this Hawaiian calendar agrees with that of
Mexico and Central Ainerica may be specially noted, since the former
may have furnished the basis of some of the peculiarities of the latter.
First, attention is called to the fact that the Hawaiians had two
periods–~one thé sidereal year of 365 days, or twelve montbs of thirty
days each and five added days; the other the sacred period of about 240
Vol. i, p. 119 (1878). t Vol. i, p. 120, note.

"Vol. 1, p.1l9 (1878). tVol. 1, p.120, note.

i~tis] CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE CALENDARS. ~61

days, or eight months. Thé Mexicans and Central Americans hadtheir
réguler or sidereal year of 365 days, consisting, however, of eighteen
months of twenty days each and nve added days; and they, too,
had a sacred year or period uf 260 days. There are, however, ibnr
points in what has been mentioned in which they agree: Thelength of
the year; the intercalation of five days; the fact that this intercalation
was by adding thé five days at thé eud of the last month; and in
having a sacred period of about two thirds of thé year. As this sacred
period mchided eight months of thirty days, or 240 days, it varied but
little iu length from that of the Mexicans, which embraced 260 days.
The Zums, according to Mr. Cushing, had a sacred period of between
eight and nine lunar months. This period was the portion of the year
considered sacred, or during which religions observances of a certain
character took place. Possibly this was not strictly observed in practice
at thé time of the Spanish conquest, but used, nevertheless, as a
period in their calendar system. If one such period was included in each
year then the system is not comparable with the Hebrew and Cbaldeo-Assyrian
twofold manner of commencing the year; nor with the
Egyptian system by which the lunar and solar years were made to
coincide at the end of each "Apis period" of twenty-five years.
That this sacred period was included in, or formed a part of, each
year among the Hawaiians is positively stated in the above extract
from Judge Fornander's work. Mr. Cnshing also informs me that it
was so with the Znnis. That it was also true in regard to the Mexican
calendar seems to be indicated in some of the time series in the Mexican
codices. For example, in the Borgian codex (and ail were formed
on the saine plan) the time series on plates 31-38 (to be read to the left)
is bordered above and below by a line of symbolic figures, each line
containing 52, or the two together 104. Thèse added to the 260 of the
five interior Unes, give 364, lacking but one day of the complete year.
As they exactly nll out the spaces according to the scheme, we may
suppose this to be the reason why thé odd day was omitted; or it is
possible there was some other reason understood by the priests. At
any rate, thé explanation given is not a rash one. It is a singular
coincidence that in an ancient Javanese manuscript nve days of the
calendar are represented in the saine manner by symbolic ngures.*
Bastian, speaking of the Maori, makes a remark which implies
that this people also had a sacred period. He says, "They
reckoned nine wo~s and then ~ree months from the tenth month or
Ngaknrn.thennemployed months (March, April, May,) in which season
the Kumara were harvested and the planting began again in June.~t t
Although apparently relating to agricnitnral pursuits, we must bear in
mind the fact that these among aboriginal tribes were largely regnlated
by religions cérémonies.

'(Jri~wfnrd, ~Indiati Archipelago/' vol. 1, plate 7.

tluselgruppeu, p. 199.

62 w ORIGIN 0F TBE CALÉ~~R~ [~

A statement by Cra~wfurd leads to thé belief that there was also a
portion of the year considered sacred by the Javanese. It is as follows
For astrological purposes the thirty W!t&!t8 are divided into six periods, each of
which is considered to be uupropitious to some portion of animal or vegetable nature.
The first is considered unpropitious to man, thé second to quadrupeds, the third to
trees, the fourth to birds, the fifth to seeds or vegetables, and the sixth to fishes.
Each of these divisions has been said to consist of thirty-five days or seven Javanese
weeks, which would make the ancient Javanese year a cycle of 210 days. 1
rather suspect that it consisted of twice that number, or 420, and that the WM~MS
expressed fortnights or half lunations. This interesting point would be determined
by investigations conducted in the island of Bali, where 1 have reason to believe
that this civil, or rather ritual year or period still obtains.

The second point in which the Hawaiian calendar resembles the
Mexican is the intercalation of five days-which were considered tabu
days-at the end of the last month to complete the year. The fact that
this was true in reference to the calendars of some of the peoples of the
Old World does not affect the bearing of this fact on the question
under discussion, as the Polynesians (at least the lighter-colored race;
and it is among them only that these more advanced calendars are
found) are admitted to have had their origin at some point in southeastern
Asia in other words, that they probably pertain to thé Malay
race. Hence it is not impossible or even improbable that some Polynesian
customs may be traced back to the Old World. The same may
be said of thé fact that each day of the month has its name, another
point in which the calendars of Hawaii and Mexico agree. It is true
that in the former the month consisted of thirty days, while in the latter
it contained only twenty; but of this we shall speak farther on.
This naming of the days was true of other Polynesian calendars, as
that of Society Islands, of Marquesas, Samoa, New Zealand, etc., also
of the old Javanese calendar. In some cases the days appear to have
had two names, one series being that of the deities supposed to preside
over them. This appears to have been true of the old Samoan, New
Zealand, and Javanese calendars, and Dr. Seler states that the same
was true of the Mexican calendar. The importance of this fact in this
connection is that Mr. Taylor gives us, in his "Te Ika a Maui,"t the
names of the thirty deities who preside over the days of the month,
together with the things over which they preside. In this list we nnd
the pigeon (though the corresponding word in the Hawaiian language
signifies the kite); also the shark, stone, dog, lizard, wind, dew, and
birds or bird in the general sense. Now it is a somewhat strange
coincidence that we find the following among the Mexican days An
unknown sea monster which may be a shark, swordfish, or alligator
(the same uncertainty applies to the Maori day); wind~ water; dog;
the eagle (in the corresponding Tzental and Quiché names bird in
general"); lizard.andnint. Is this coincidence merely accidentait If
it stood alone, it would be best to assume this to be the case, but when
Op. cit., p. 295. t Pp. 135-136.

T~~s] Y CORRE8PONbENCE IN DI~VISIO~~ND TEBMS. 63

it is in line with the other coïncidences mentioned such an explanation
is not satisfactory.

Thé statement in the preceding quotation from Dibble, that "in one
year there were nine times forty nights,~ would certainly not have been
used by him unless there had been a method of counting by nines. This
brings at once to mind the method the Mexicans had of counting, for
some special purposes, by nines. This count, as in the Hawaiian calendar,
referred to thé nights, and the period was supposed to be ruled
over by the so-called "Nine lords of the night.~ These periods are
marked on the time series of the Mexican codices by footprints.
Another statement in the saine quotation, which, to say the least, is
remarkable, is that "There were thirty nights in each month, seventeen
of which were not very light and thirteen were.~ Why this division
unless it accorded with some method thé natives had of dividing the
month It is this method of counting by thirteens in the Mexican and
Central American calendar which Dr. Brinton rightiy regards as one
of itsmostpuzzling features. He says, "It has usually been stated
that the number 13 represents one-half the number of days during
which the moon is visible between its heliacal conjunctions, and that it
owed its selection to this observation." This, however, he does not
deem entirely satisfactory, as there is, he remarks, an obvious difficulty
in this theory since "According to it the calendar ought not to
take note of thé days when the moon is in conjunction, as otherwise
after the very first month it will no longer correspond with the sequence
of natural events û'om which it is assumed to be derived; but as these
days are counted, it would appear, although tlie lunar relations of the
calendar in later days can not be denied, that it had some other ongin.
If we had a full explanation of the division to which Mr. Dibble
alludes, it is quite probable we could solve thé riddle. In fact, the little
that is given seems to meet precisely the objection which Dr. Brinton
interposes. That thé number was used in some mythical sensé or
had some reference to religious cérémonies, is quite probable. At any
rate, the fact that the Hawaiians counted thirteen nights of the moon as
light is sufficient to raise the presumption that from tbis fact it came
into use. The fact, however, that this number was in use among the
Hawaiians as a time counter forms another link connecting the calendars
of thé two regions.

1 do not find in any of the authorities 1 have at hand that the fiveday
period, so often used in connection with the Mexican and Central
American calendar, was in vogue among the Polynesians~ but, according
to Crawfurd,t the Javanese week formerly consisted of five days.
In this connection we may mention a very singular coincidence in
reference to the assignment of days and colors to the cardinal points.
~Native Calendar, op. cit., p. 7.

tindian Archipelago. vol. 1, p. 289. Rieuxi'.s account in Oceanie is simply a, repetition
of Crawfurd's remarks.

,} t~ _~£7

~?~ CALtE~QA~. ''1E.1[S~

t: j -i"

Thomas, Cyrus 18
The Maya year

~According to Mr. Cnshing the Zanis assigner a special color to each of
the cardinal points (a Ctistom by no means uncommon), while to the ce~ey
or foeus was assigned a mixed color, or, as they termed it, "speckled."
Now, Crawfurd says

The Javanese consider thé liâmes of the [nve] days of their native week to
have a mystical relation to colors, and to the divisions of the horizon. According
to this whimsical interprétation, thé first means white, and the the second
red, and the south; the third yellow, and the west; the fourth black, and the north;
and the fifth, mixed color and foeus or center."

A precisely similar assignment is seen in thé Mexican codices, as, for
example, on plate 12 of the Èorgian codex, where a striped personage
is placed in the center.

Thus it will be seen that thé Polynesian calendar, or at least that of
Hawaii, possesses almost every essential feature of that iu use among
the Mexicans and Central Americans. The only important feature of
the latter which has no parallel in thé former is the division of the
year into eighteen months oftwenty days each. So far no satisfactory
explanation of this peculiarity bas been suggested. 1 am strongly
inclined to believe that it was not one of graduai growth, but made arbitrarily,
by the priests, at some reformation of the calendar. If, as 1
have suggested, the chief points of the calendar were obtained from
the Polynesians, probably at a comparatively recent date, thé lunar
month, or month of thirty days, would Imvebeen the one received. On
the other hand, if it is of native growth, there can be but little doubt
that the month was originally based on the moon's révolution. In
either case, the change to a month of twenty days is difficult to
account for, except ou the supposition that it was arbitrarily made to
bring into harmony the various divisions and numbers used in the calendar.
Be the true explanation what it may, the evidence we have
presented of its relation to the Polynesiau calendar is too strong to be
set aside as merely accidental. If my supposition proves to be well
fbnnded, we must suppose thé Zapotec to be the American original.
The fact that the native Mexican and Central American calendar has
spread geographically over only the area designated by Dr. Brinton
in the above extract from his paper, but is not connned to one particular
stock, indicates that it had its origin in this area, or was introduced
here after the stocks found in this region had been dinerentiated
and had become located in this area. This, however, is not the place
to take up the discussion of the question of contact of thé western
coast tribes with the Polynesians, except as related to the calendar.
It may be observed merely that 1 expect to show in a paper relating to
the origin and signification of the symbols and names of the days and
months of the Central American calendar that some of thé names were
probably derived from Polynesian sources.

Indian Archipelag'o, vol. 1, p. 290.

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